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- Mishra, A, et al.
(författare)
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Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents' growth and development
- 2023
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-4687 .- 0028-0836. ; 615:7954, s. 874-883
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Azdouz, M, et al.
(författare)
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Synthesis, Rietveld refinements and Raman spectroscopy studies of the solid solution Na1-xKxPb4(VO4)(3) (0 <= x <= 1)
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Molecular Structure. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-2860 .- 1872-8014. ; 963:2-3, s. 258-266
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the present study we report the synthesis, crystal structure and Raman spectroscopy studies of Na1-xKxPb4(VO4)(3) orthovanaclates solid solutions (0 <= x <= 1). Rielveld refinements showed that this solid solution is continuous adopting P6(3)/m (no. 176) space group. Some of Pb(II) cations are located in the (6 h) sites. The ninefold coordination sites (4f) are equally occupied by the other lead cations and the K+ and Na+ monovalent ions. The structure can be described as built up from [VO4](3-) tetrahedral and Ph2+ of sixfold coordination cavities (6 h positions), which delimit void hexagonal tunnels running along [0 0 1]. These tunnels are connected by cations of mixed sites (4f) half occupied by Pb(II) and half by Na+/K+ mixed cations. The existence of this type of lacunar apatite seems to be conditioned by the presence of lone pair cations Pb(II). Raman spectra of all the compositions are similar and show some linear shifts in band positions as a function of the composition toward high values due the substitutions of Na+ by K+ with a larger radius. No considerable changes in the temperature dependence of the Raman modes and the corresponding FWHM are observed and thus no temperature induced phase transition is observed in Na0.5K0.5Pb4(VO4)(3) up to 650 K.
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| 4. |
- Bih, H., et al.
(författare)
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Pentaammonium heptasodium [bis(μ5-phosphato) pentakis (μ2-oxido)-decaoxidopentamolybdenum(VI)] henicosahydrate
- 2010
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Ingår i: Acta Crystallographica Section E. - 1600-5368. ; E66, s. 20-21
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The title compound, (NH4)(5)Na-7[Mo5P2O23](2)center dot 21H(2)O, was prepared under atmospheric conditions in aqueous solution at room temperature. The structure contains the [Mo5P2O23](6-) heteropolyoxometallate anion, which has been previously reported a number of times with a variety of differing countercations. Each anion is built up of five MoO6 octahedra sharing an edge and forming a ring which is closed by common corners of the terminal octahedra. The rings are closed on both sides by two asymmetric PO4 tetrahedra, sharing three corners with three MoO6 octahedra. The anions are chiral and the two independent anions in the asymmetric unit were arbitarily chosen with the same chirality, but the centrosymmetric crystal contains both enantiomers. The structure can alternatively be described as a succession of layers parallel to (101), formed by the [Mo5P2O23](6-) anions and linked by sodium chains. Water molecules and ammonium ions fill the remaining space and ensure the cohesion through extensive N-H center dot center dot center dot O and O-H center dot center dot center dot O hydrogen bonding.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Manoun, B., et al.
(författare)
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Synthesis, Rietveld refinements and Raman spectroscopic studies of tricationic lacunar apatites Na1-xKxPb4(AsO4)(3) (0 <= x <= 1)
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of Molecular Structure. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-2860 .- 1872-8014. ; 986:1-3, s. 1-9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Three compounds from the solid solution of lead lacunar ionic apatites Na1-xKxPb4(AsO4)(3), with x = 0, 0.5 and 1, were successfully synthesized as single phases by solid state method at 700 degrees C. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, the site of the metal ions (Na+, K+ and Pb2+) in the solid solutions was analyzed with the Rietveld method. A variation of the a and c lattice parameters in the solid solutions was observed, with an increase of a and c parameters, related to the radius of the corresponding substituted ions. It was found that Pb(II) ions in the solid solutions preferentially occupied the M(1) and M(2) sites in the lacunar anionic apatite structure. The structure contains channels running along the c axis and centred at (0 0 z). The channels are most probably occupied by the lone electron pairs of the Pb2+ cations. Raman spectra of all the compositions are similar and show some linear shifts, especially for the bending modes, in band positions as a function of the composition toward lower values due the substitutions of Na+ by K+ with a larger radius. No considerable changes in the temperature dependence of the Raman modes and the corresponding FWHM are observed and thus no temperature induced phase transition is observed in Na0.5K0.5Pb4(AsO4)(3) up to 630 K.
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