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- Sargeson, A. M., et al.
(författare)
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Names and symbols for the transfermium elements
- 1997
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Ingår i: Pure and Applied Chemistry. - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 0033-4545 .- 1365-3075. ; 69:12, s. 2471-2473
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The recommendations (ref. 1) of the Commission on Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry (CNIC) on the nomenclature of the transfermium elements (101-109, inclusive) were considered by the IUPAC Bureau at Guildford (UK) in September 1995. As a result of the various criticisms of the recommendations and theway that they had been processed, the Bureau decided to adopt the recommendations as provisional and to circulate them to national/regional nomenclature centres in the normal way, with notices to be published innational/regional chemistry journals and magazines, requesting submission of comments to CNIC. In particular, the National Adhering Organizations (NAOs) were invited to express their views concerning the extant proposals for the names of these elements and the principles and traditions used to derive them. The response from the general chemical community was small, and the bulk of the replies came from nuclear scientists.
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- Sargeson, A. M., et al.
(författare)
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Names and symbols of transfermium elements (IUPAC recommendations 1994)
- 1994
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Ingår i: Pure and Applied Chemistry. - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 0033-4545 .- 1365-3075. ; 66:12, s. 2419-2421
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Transfermium Working Group (TWG) was set up in 1986 under the joint auspices of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP). Its conclusions, duly endorsed by IUPAC and IUPAP, were published in the following three reports:1. Criteria that must be satisfied for the discovery of a new chemical element to be recognized, Pure & Appl. Chem., 63, 879-886 (1991).2. Discovery of the transfermium elements: Introduction to the discovery profiles, Pure & Appl. Chem., 65, 1757-1763 (1993).3, Discovery of the transfermium elements: Discovery profiles of the transfermium elements, Pure & Appl. Chem., 65, 1764-1814 (1993).IUPAC went a stage further by inviting responses on reports 2 and 3 from the three major groups concerned, i.e., Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, California; Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna; and Gesellschaft fur Schwerionenforschung , Darmstadt. These responses together with the TWG's reply to the responses were published unedited in Pure & Appl. Chem.,Vol. 65, (1993), pp. 1815-1824.
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- Andersson, C, et al.
(författare)
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The three ZNT8 autoantibody variants together improve the diagnostic sensitivity of childhood and adolescent type 1 diabetes
- 2011
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Ingår i: Autoimmunity. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0891-6934 .- 1607-842X. ; 44:5, s. 394-405
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims: We tested whether autoantibodies to all three ZnT8RWQ variants, GAD65, insulinoma-associated protein 2 (IA-2), insulin and autoantibodies to islet cell cytoplasm (ICA) in combination with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) would improve the diagnostic sensitivity of childhood type 1 diabetes by detecting the children who otherwise would have been autoantibody-negative.Methods: A total of 686 patients diagnosed in 1996–2005 in Skåne were analyzed for all the seven autoantibodies [arginin 325 zinc transporter 8 autoantibody (ZnT8RA), tryptophan 325 zinc transporter 8 autoantibody (ZnT8WA), glutamine 325 Zinc transporter 8 autoantibody (ZnT8QA), autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GADA), Autoantibodies to islet-antigen-2 (IA-2A), insulin autoantibodies (IAA) and ICA] in addition to HLA-DQ genotypes.Results: Zinc transporter 8 autoantibody to either one or all three amino acid variants at position 325 (ZnT8RWQA) was found in 65% (449/686) of the patients. The frequency was independent of age at diagnosis. The ZnT8RWQA reduced the frequency of autoantibody-negative patients from 7.5 to 5.4%—a reduction by 28%. Only 2 of 108 (2%) patients who are below 5 years of age had no autoantibody at diagnosis. Diagnosis without any islet autoantibody increased with increasing age at onset. DQA1-B1*X-0604 was associated with both ZnT8RA (p = 0.002) and ZnT8WA (p = 0.01) but not with ZnT8QA (p = 0.07). Kappa agreement analysis showed moderate (>0.40) to fair (>0.20) agreement between pairs of autoantibodies for all combinations of GADA, IA-2A, ZnT8RWQA and ICA but only slight ( < 0.19) agreement for any combination with IAA.Conclusions: This study revealed that (1) the ZnT8RWQA was common, independent of age; (2) multiple autoantibodies were common among the young; (3) DQA1-B1*X-0604 increased the risk for ZnT8RA and ZnT8WA; (4) agreement between autoantibody pairs was common for all combinations except IAA. These results suggest that ZnT8RWQA is a necessary complement to the classification and prediction of childhood type 1 diabetes as well as to randomize the subjects in the prevention and intervention of clinical trials.
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| 7. |
- Andersson, C, et al.
(författare)
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Triple specificity of ZnT8 autoantibodies in relation to HLA and other islet autoantibodies in childhood and adolescent type 1 diabetes
- 2013
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Ingår i: Pediatric Diabetes. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 1399-543X .- 1399-5448. ; 14:2, s. 97-105
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Andersson C, Vaziri-Sani F, Delli AJ, Lindblad B, Carlsson A, Forsander G, Ludvigsson J, Marcus C, Samuelsson U, Ivarsson SA, Lernmark A, Elding Larsson H, the BDD Study group. Triple specificity of ZnT8 autoantibodies in relation to HLA and other islet autoantibodies in childhood and adolescent type 1 diabetes. Pediatric Diabetes 2013: 14: 97-105. Objective To establish the diagnostic sensitivity of and the relationships between autoantibodies to all three Zinc transporter 8 (Zinc transporter 8 autoantibody to either one, two, or all three amino acid variants at position 325, ZnT8A) variants to human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQ and to autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GADA), insulinoma-associated protein 2 (IA-2A), and insulin (IAA). Methods We analyzed 3165 patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) in the Better Diabetes Diagnosis study for HLA-DQ genotypes and all six autoantibodies (ZnT8RA, arginine 325 Zinc transporter 8 autoantibody; ZnT8WA, tryptophan 325 Zinc transporter 8 autoantibody; ZnT8QA, glutamine 325 Zinc transporter 8 autoantibody; GADA, IA-2A, and IAA). Results ZnT8A was found in 65% of the patients and as many as 108 of 3165 (3.4%) had 13 ZnT8A alone. None had ZnT8QA alone. Together with GADA (56%), IA-2A (73%), and IAA (33%), 93% of the T1D patients were autoantibody positive. All three ZnT8A were less frequent in children below 2 yr of age (pandlt;0.0001). All three ZnT8A were associated with DQA1-B1*X-0604 (DQ6.4) and DQA1-B1*03-0302 (DQ8). ZnT8WA and ZnT8QA were negatively associated with DQA1-B1*05-02 (DQ2). Conclusions Analysis of ZnT8A increased the diagnostic sensitivity of islet autoantibodies for T1D as only 7% remained islet autoantibody negative. The association between DQ6.4 and all three ZnT8A may be related to ZnT8 antigen presentation by the DQ6.4 heterodimer.
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- Elmroth, Sofi K.C., et al.
(författare)
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Kinetics and Mechanism for Reaction between Ammine- and Haloamminegold(III) Complexes and Thiocyanate. Competitive Electron Transfer and Substitution
- 1989
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Ingår i: Inorganic Chemistry. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1520-510X .- 0020-1669. ; 28:14, s. 2703-2710
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The reactions in acidic aqueous solution between thiocyanate and each of the gold(III) complexes Au(NH3)43+, trans-Au(NH3)2C12+, and trans-Au(NH3)2Br2+ have been studied by use of potentiometric pH measurements and sequential-mixing stopped-flow spectrophotometry. The reactions give a common gold(I) product whereas the rate-controlling steps are different. The reaction between Au(NH3)43+ and thiocyanate takes place via rate-controlling substitution of an ammine ligand by thiocyanate with k = 7.6 +- 0.1 M-I s-l, DeltaHo = 61+- 1 kJ mol-I, and DeltaSo= 26+-3 J mo1-1 K-1 at 25.0 "C, followed by rapid reduction to gold(1) with the overall stoichiometry 3Au(NH3)43+ + 6SCN- + 4H+ + 4H20 = 2Au(SCN)2- + Au(SCN)(CN)- + S042- + 12NH4+ (i)For trans-Au(NH3)2X2+ (X = CI, Br), thiocyanate replaces halide in two rapid consecutive and reversible substitution steps without an observable solvent path prior to the slower reduction: trans-Au(NH3)2X2+ = Au(NH3)2XSCN+ = trans-Au(NH3)2(SCN)2+ (ii) Second-order rate constants (M-I s-I) at 2.0 oC are as follows: for X = CI; k1 = (9.0+-1.4) x I03, k-1 = (0.6+-0.2), k2 = (1.56+-0.21) X I05, k-2 = (3.4+-0.6) x 102; for X = Br, k1= (8.9+-0.3) x 104, k-1 = (1.32+-0.20) x 103, k2 = (1.4+-0.4) x 105, k-2 = (1.0+-0.7) x 104. Temperature variation of k, gave the following values: for X = CI; DeltaHo = 33+-7 kJ mol-', DeltaSo = -48+-21 J K-1 mol-1; for X = Br, DeltaHo = 30+-11 kJ mol-1, deltaSo = -50+-30 J K-1 mo1-1 at 25.0 oC. Parametrization of the substitution rate constants shows that the nature of the entering ligand is even more important than the trans effect for these complexes, in marked contrast to isoelectronic Pt(II) complexes. The relative stability constants for these short-lived complexes, K, = k,/k,, were obtained from the rate constants and are as follows: for X = CI, K1 = (1.5+-0.5) X 104, K2 = (4.6+-0.5) X 102; for X = Br, K1 = 67+-12, K2 = 12+-3. The ratio KI/K2 shows a nonstatistical distribution for the chloro-thiocyanato system, indicating a increased thermodynamic stability for the complex trans-Au(NH3)2CISCN+, whereas the bromo-thiocyanato system is approximately statistically distributed. An UV-vis spectrum for the intermediate short-lived complex trans-Au(NH3)2BrSCN+ was calculated from continuous-flow spectra. Reduction to gold(1) takes place via three parallel paths subsequent to establishment of the rapid substitution equilibria (ii). Each gold(III) complex trans-Au(NH3)2X(2-n)(SCN)n+ is reduced by outer-sphere thiocyanate in second-order reactions. The second-order rate constants, krn (n = 0, 1, 2), at 25.0 oC are as follows: for X = CI, kr1 = (2.7+-0.5) x 103, kr2 = (2.2+-0.4) x 102; for X = Br, kr0 = 10+-5, kr1 = (3.0+-0.5) x 102, kr2 = (2.5+-0.4) x 102 M-1 s-1, Temperature variation of kr2 gave DeltaHo = 66+-4 kJ mol-1 and DeltaSo = 21+-12 J mol-1 K-1 at 25.0 oC. The mixed chloro- and bromo-thiocyanato complexes are reduced most rapidly, indicating that an asymmetric distribution of electrons along the trans-axis facilitates reduction. It is concluded that reduction takes place by attack of outer-sphere thiocyanate on the sulfur of a coordinated thiocyanate. In keeping herewith, the two complexes trans-Au(NH3)2XSCN' (X = CI, Br), which contain a loosely bound halide ligand in the ground state, also substitute this halide ligand for thiocyanate most rapidly (k2). A unified mechanism for competitive electron transfer and ligand substitution for the reaction between gold(III) complexes and reducing ligands is suggested
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