| 1. |
- Deyessa Kabeta, Negussie, 1966-, et al.
(författare)
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Intimate partner violence and depression among women in rural Ethiopia : a cross-sectional study
- 2009
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Ingår i: Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health. - : Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.. - 1745-0179. ; 5:1, s. 8-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Studies from high-income countries have shown intimate partner violence to be associated with depression among women. The present paper examines whether this finding can be confirmed in a very different cultural setting in rural Ethiopia.METHOD: A community-based cross-sectional study was undertaken in Ethiopia among 1994 currently married women. Using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), cases of depressive episode were identified according to the ICD-10 diagnosis. Using a standardized questionnaire, women who experienced violence by an intimate partner were identified. A multivariate analysis was conducted between the explanatory variables and depressive status of the women, after adjusting for possible confounders.RESULTS: The 12-month prevalence of depressive episode among the women was 4.8% (95% CI, 3.9% and 5.8%), while the lifetime prevalence of physical intimate partner violence was 49.5%. Physical violence (OR=2.56, 95% CI, 1.61, 4.06), childhood sexual abuse (OR=2.00, 95% CI, 1.13, 3.56), mild emotional violence (OR=3.19, 95% CI, 1.98, 5.14), severe emotional violence (OR= 3.90, 95% CI, 2.20, 6.93) and high spousal control of women (OR=3.30, 95% CI, 1.58, 6.90) by their partners were independently associated with depressive episode, even after adjusting for socioeconomic factors.CONCLUSIONS: The high prevalence of intimate partner violence, a factor often obscured within general life event categories, requires attention as an independent factor for depression, and thus to find new possibilities of prevention and treatment in terms of public health strategies, interventions and service provision.
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| 2. |
- Deyessa Kabeta, Negussie, 1966-, et al.
(författare)
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Violence against women in relation to literacy and area of residence
- 2010
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Ingår i: Global Health Action. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1654-9716 .- 1654-9880. ; 3:2070
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: This study explores violence against women in a low-income setting in relation to residency and literacy. SETTING: The study was conducted within the Butajira Rural Health Programme (a Health and Demographic Surveillance Site), which includes rural and semi-urban settings in south-central Ethiopia. DESIGN: This is a community-based cross-sectional study and is part of the WHO Women's Health and Life Events multi-country study. It included 1,994 randomly selected married women. METHODS: A standardised WHO questionnaire was used to measure physical violence, residency, literacy of the woman and her spouse, and attitudes of women about gender roles and violence. Analyses present prevalence with 95% confidence intervals and odds ratios derived from bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models. RESULTS: In urban and rural areas of the study area, the women were of varying ages, had varying levels of literacy and had spouses with varying levels of literacy. Women in the overall study area had beliefs and norms favouring violence against women, and women living in rural communities and illiterate women were more likely to accept such attitudes. In general, violence against women was more prevalent in rural communities. In particular, violence against rural literate women and rural women who married a literate spouse was more prevalent. Literate rural women who were married to an illiterate spouse had the highest odds (Adj. OR = 3.4; 95% CI: 1.7-6.9) of experiencing physical violence by an intimate partner. CONCLUSION: Semi-urban lifestyle and literacy promote changes in attitudes and norms against intimate partner violence; however, within the rural lifestyle, literate women married to illiterate husbands were exposed to the highest risks of violence.
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| 3. |
- Ellsberg, Mary Carroll
(författare)
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Candies in hell : research and action on domestic violence against women in Nicaragua
- 2000
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The overall aim of the research was to explore the magnitude and characteristics of domestic violence against women in Leon, Nicaragua. A cross-sectional survey was carried out among a representative sample of 488 women between the ages of 15-49 years. In-depth interviews were performed with women who had experienced violence. Also, participatory techniques were used in 19 focus groups of men and women from diverse sectors of Nicaraguan society to gain an understanding of how Nicaraguans view social and legal sanctions for domestic violence.Among ever-married women (n=360) lifetime prevalence of physical violence was 52%, and current prevalence (during the last 12 months) was 27%. Seventy percent of the violence was classified as severe. No significant differences were found with regard to women's age, educational attainment, or occupation and the prevalence of partner abuse. Significant positive associations were found between the risk of wife abuse and poverty, number of children, history of violence in husband's family, husband's controlling behavior and lack of social networks. Abused women were six times more likely to present emotional distress than non-abused women. Emotional distress was more related to the severity of the abuse than to how long ago it had taken place. A significant positive association was found between wife abuse and problems among the children, including physical abuse. Nearly half of the abused women reported that their children had witnessed the violence. Both the qualitative as well as the quantitative data indicated that abused women frequently experience feelings of shame, isolation and entrapment, which in turn contribute to their difficulty in recognizing the violence and disengaging from the violent relationship. Women in Nicaragua used a variety of strategies to protect themselves from violence and most abused women eventually did leave abusive relationships. Temporary leaving and help seeking were critical steps in the process of overcoming violence. However, many women indicated that they did not receive support for their situation.The results of the prevalence survey were compared to findings from two other population-based studies carried out subsequently in Nicaragua. This comparison suggested that under-reporting is a significant threat to the validity of prevalence research on violence, and underscored the importance of incorporating specific measures to enhance disclosure into the research plan, such as providing more than one opportunity to disclose violence and using behaviorally specific language.Moreover, measures that have been primarily viewed from the perspective of ethics and safety, such as ensuring privacy and confidentiality and providing special training and support for interviewers, may have a significant impact on data quality, due to their effect on the disclosure of violence.The survey results and the narrative analysis suggest that domestic violence is a serious public health problem in Nicaragua. The focus group research found that opinions regarding domestic violence differed sharply between men and women, but that broad sectors of society felt that psychological violence was as serious as physical violence, and that new laws and programs were needed to punish violent offenders and to prevent future violence.The results of the research were discussed widely in Nicaragua, and contributed to the debate on the reform of the Nicaraguan Criminal Code with regard to sanctions for domestic violence and protection for victims of violence.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Ellsberg, Mary, et al.
(författare)
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Long-term change in the prevalence of intimate partner violence : a 20-year follow-up study in León, Nicaragua, 1995-2016
- 2020
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Ingår i: BMJ Global Health. - : BMJ. - 2059-7908. ; 5:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction Although intimate partner violence (IPV) affects an estimated one out of three women globally, evidence on violence prevention is still scarce. No studies have measured long-term change in larger populations over a prolonged period.Methods The aim of this study was to measure changes in the prevalence of IPV in León, Nicaragua, between 1995 and 2016. The 2016 study interviewed 846 ever-partnered women aged 15 to 49 regarding experiences of physical, sexual and emotional IPV. These findings were analysed together with comparable data collected from 354 women in 1995. Multivariate logistic regression modelling was carried out on a pooled data set to identify differences between the two studies while controlling for potential confounding factors.Results Lifetime physical IPV decreased from 54.8 to 27.6 per cent (adjusted OR (AOR) 0.37; 95% CI 0.28 to 0.49) and 12-month prevalence of physical IPV decreased from 28.2 to 8.3 per cent (AOR 0.29; 95% CI 0.20 to 0.42), respectively. Similar decreases were found in lifetime and 12-month emotional IPV. No significant difference was found in the prevalence of lifetime sexual violence between the two time periods.Conclusions The results suggest that the reduction in IPV was not due to demographic shifts, such as increased education or age, but reflects a true decrease in the prevalence of IPV. The decrease is not likely to have occurred on its own, and may be attributable to multisectoral efforts by the Nicaraguan government, international donors and the Nicaraguan women’s movement to increase women’s knowledge of their rights, as well as access to justice and services for survivors during this time period.
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| 6. |
- Ellsberg, Mary, et al.
(författare)
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Pathways to change: Three decades of feminist research and activism to end violence against women in Nicaragua
- 2022
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Ingår i: Global Public Health. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1744-1692 .- 1744-1706. ; 17:11, s. 3142-3159
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents the results of nearly three decades of partnershipbetween feminist researchers and activists to prevent violence againstwomen and girls (VAWG) in Nicaragua. A household survey conductedin 1995 in León, the country’s second-largest city, revealed that 55 percent of women had experienced lifetime physical intimate partnerviolence (IPV), and 27 per cent had experienced IPV in the last 12months. The study results were instrumental in changing domesticviolence laws in Nicaragua. A follow-up study in 2016 found a decreaseof 63 per cent in lifetime physical IPV and 70 per cent in 12-monthphysical IPV. This paper examines possible explanations for thereduction, including the policy reforms resulting from feministadvocacy. We compare risk and protective factors for physical IPV, suchas changes in women’s attitudes towards violence, their use of services,and knowledge of laws, using data from both the 1995 and 2016surveys, as well as three waves of Demographic and Health Surveys. Weconclude that the decline in IPV can be partially attributed to the effortsof the Nicaraguan women’s movements to reform laws, provide servicesfor survivors, transform gender norms, and increase women’sknowledge of their human rights.
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| 7. |
- Hayati, Elli N, et al.
(författare)
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Behind the silence of harmony : risk factors for physical and sexual violence among women in rural Indonesia.
- 2011
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Ingår i: BMC Women's Health. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1472-6874. ; 11, s. 52-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Indonesia has the fourth largest population in the world. Few studies have identified the risk factors of Indonesian women for domestic violence. Such research will be useful for the development of prevention programs aiming at reducing domestic violence. Our study examines associations between physical and sexual violence among rural Javanese Indonesian women and sociodemographic factors, husband's psychosocial and behavioral characteristics and attitudes toward violence and gender roles.METHODS: A cohort of pregnant women within the Demographic Surveillance Site (DSS) in Purworejo district, Central Java, Indonesia, was enrolled in a longitudinal study between 1996 and 1998. In the following year (1999), a cross-sectional domestic violence household survey was conducted with 765 consenting women from that cohort. Female field workers, trained using the WHO Multi-Country study instrument on domestic violence, conducted interviews. Crude and adjusted odds ratios at 95% CI were applied for analysis.RESULTS: Lifetime exposure to sexual and physical violence was 22% and 11%. Sexual violence was associated with husbands' demographic characteristics (less than 35 years and educated less than 9 years) and women's economic independence. Exposure to physical violence among a small group of women (2-6%) was strongly associated with husbands' personal characteristics; being unfaithful, using alcohol, fighting with other men and having witnessed domestic violence as a child. The attitudes and norms expressed by the women confirm that unequal gender relationships are more common among women living in the highlands and being married to poorly educated men. Slightly more than half of the women (59%) considered it justifiable to refuse coercive sex. This attitude was also more common among financially independent women (71%), who also had a higher risk of exposure to sexual violence.CONCLUSIONS: Women who did not support the right of women to refuse sex were more likely to experience physical violence, while those who justified hitting for some reasons were more likely to experience sexual violence. Our study suggests that Javanese women live in a high degree of gender-based subordination within marriage relationships, maintained and reinforced through physical and sexual violence. Our findings indicate that women's risk of physical and sexual violence is related to traditional gender norms.
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| 8. |
- Valaldares, Eliette, et al.
(författare)
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Physical partner abuse during pregnancy: a risk factor for low birth weight in Nicaragua
- 2002
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Ingår i: Obstetrics and Gynecology. - 0029-7844 .- 1873-233X. ; 100:4, s. 700-705
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To assess whether being physically abused during pregnancy increases the risk of a low birth weight (LBW) infant. METHODS: We conducted a hospital-based case-control study in León, Nicaragua. Cases consisted of 101 newborns with a birth weight under 2500 g, and for each case two controls with a birth weight over 2500 g were selected randomly from infants born the same day. Anthropometry of newborns was done immediately after birth, and background information and data on experiences of violence and potential confounders were obtained through private interviews with mothers. Crude and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and population-attributable proportion were calculated for exposure to partner abuse in relation to LBW. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to control for potential confounding. RESULTS: Seventy-five percent of LBW newborns (cases) were small for gestational age and 40% were preterm. Twenty-two percent of the mothers of LBW infants had experienced physical abuse during pregnancy by their intimate partners compared with 5% of controls. Low birth weight was associated with physical partner abuse even after adjustment for age, parity, smoking, and socioeconomic status (OR 3.9; 95% confidence interval 1.7, 9.3). Given a causal interpretation of the association, about 16% of the LBW in the infant population could be attributed to physical abuse by a partner in pregnancy. CONCLUSION: Physical abuse by a partner during pregnancy is an independent risk factor for LBW.
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| 9. |
- Valladares, Eliette, et al.
(författare)
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Neuroendocrine response to violence durin pregnancy - impact on duration of pregnancy and fetal growth
- 2009
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Ingår i: Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. - : Wiley. - 0001-6349 .- 1600-0412. ; 88:7, s. 818-823
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective. To study the neuroendocrine release of cortisol in response to perceived stress among pregnant women exposed to partner violence and how this affects the duration of pregnancy and the intrauterine growth of the infant. Design. Cross-sectional community-based study. Setting. Health and Demographic Surveillance System of Leon, Nicaragua. Population. One-hundred and forty-seven pregnant women. Methods. Standardized scales to measure intimate partner violence, social resources, perceived stress, and socio-economic conditions were applied. Two salivary samples for cortisol were collected in the morning and afternoon on the same day. Linear regression and path analysis were used. Main outcome measures. Cortisol levels, gestational age, and weight at delivery. Results. Partner violence during the pregnancy, low social resources, and perceived maternal stress were associated with high level of salivary cortisol. Pregnant women with high cortisol levels were significantly more likely to give birth to small-for-gestational age babies, but not to deliver preterm. A substantial decrease of birthweight, 121-186 g, was associated with an increase in cortisol in association with violence exposure. Conclusion. Partner violence during pregnancy is a stressor that provokes high levels of cortisol, which is associated with reduction of birthweight.
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