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- Chaurasia, Chandra S., et al.
(författare)
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AAPS-FDA workshop white paper : microdialysis principles, application and regulatory perspectives
- 2007
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Ingår i: Pharmaceutical research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0724-8741 .- 1573-904X. ; 24:5, s. 1014-1025
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many decisions in drug development and medical practice are based on measuring blood concentrations of endogenous and exogenous molecules. Yet most biochemical and pharmacological events take place in the tissues. Also, most drugs with few notable exceptions exert their effects not within the bloodstream, but in defined target tissues into which drugs have to distribute from the central compartment. Assessing tissue drug chemistry has, thus, for long been viewed as a more rational way to provide clinically meaningful data rather than gaining information from blood samples. More specifically, it is often the extracellular (interstitial) tissue space that is most closely related to the site of action (biophase) of the drug. Currently microdialysis (microD) is the only tool available that explicitly provides data on the extracellular space. Although microD as a preclinical and clinical tool has been available for two decades, there is still uncertainty about the use of microD in drug research and development, both from a methodological and a regulatory point of view. In an attempt to reduce this uncertainty and to provide an overview of the principles and applications of microD in preclinical and clinical settings, an AAPS-FDA workshop took place in November 2005 in Nashville, TN, USA. Stakeholders from academia, industry and regulatory agencies presented their views on microD as a tool in drug research and development.
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- Chaurasia, Chandra S., et al.
(författare)
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AAPS-FDA Workshop White Paper : microdialysis principles, application, and regulatory perspectives
- 2007
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Ingår i: Journal of clinical pharmacology. - : Wiley. - 0091-2700 .- 1552-4604. ; 47:5, s. 589-603
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many decisions in drug development and medical practice are based on measuring blood concentrations of endogenous and exogenous molecules. Yet most biochemical and pharmacological events take place in the tissues. Also, most drugs with few notable exceptions exert their effects not within the bloodstream, but in defined target tissues into which drugs have to distribute from the central compartment. Assessing tissue drug chemistry has, thus, for long been viewed as a more rational way to provide clinically meaningful data rather than gaining information from blood samples. More specifically, it is often the extracellular (interstitial) tissue space that is most closely related to the site of action (biophase) of the drug. Currently microdialysis (μD) is the only tool available that explicitly provides data on the extracellular space. Although μD as a preclinical and clinical tool has been available for two decades, there is still uncertainty about the use of μD in drug research and development, both from a methodological and a regulatory point of view. In an attempt to reduce this uncertainty and to provide an overview of the principles and applications of μD in preclinical and clinical settings, an AAPS-FDA workshop took place in November 2005 in Nashville, TN, USA. Stakeholders from academia, industry and regulatory agencies presented their views on μD as a tool in drug research and development.
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- Holder, Brianna M., et al.
(författare)
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Brain barriers virtual : an interim solution or future opportunity?
- 2022
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Ingår i: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS. - : Springer Nature. - 2045-8118. ; 19:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BackgroundScientific conferences are vital communication events for scientists in academia, industry, and government agencies. In the brain barriers research field, several international conferences exist that allow researchers to present data, share knowledge, and discuss novel ideas and concepts. These meetings are critical platforms for researchers to connect and exchange breakthrough findings on a regular basis. Due to the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic, all in-person meetings were canceled in 2020. In response, we launched the Brain Barriers Virtual 2020 (BBV2020) seminar series, the first stand-in virtual event for the brain barriers field, to offer scientists a virtual platform to present their work. Here we report the aggregate attendance information on two in-person meetings compared with BBV2020 and comment on the utility of the virtual platform.MethodsThe BBV2020 seminar series was hosted on a Zoom webinar platform and was free of cost for participants. Using registration- and Zoom-based data from the BBV2020 virtual seminar series and survey data collected from BBV2020 participants, we analyzed attendance trends, global reach, participation based on career stage, and engagement of BBV2020. We compared these data with those from two previous in-person conferences, a BBB meeting held in 2018 and CVB 2019.ResultsWe found that BBV2020 seminar participation steadily decreased over the course of the series. In contrast, live participation was consistently above 100 attendees and recording views were above 200 views per seminar. We also found that participants valued BBV2020 as a supplement during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. Based on one post-BBV2020 survey, the majority of participants indicated that they would prefer in-person meetings but would welcome a virtual component to future in-person meetings. Compared to in-person meetings, BBV2020 enabled participation from a broad range of career stages and was attended by scientists in academic, industry, and government agencies from a wide range of countries worldwide.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that a virtual event such as the BBV2020 seminar series provides easy access to science for researchers across all career stages around the globe. However, we recognize that limitations exist. Regardless, such a virtual event could be a valuable tool for the brain barriers community to reach and engage scientists worldwide to further grow the brain barriers research field in the future.
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- Cornelissen, G., et al.
(författare)
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Effect of sorbate planarity on environmental black carbon sorption
- 2004
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Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 38:13, s. 3574-3580
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Soot and charcoal, collectively termed "black carbon" or BC, can exhibit extremely strong sorption of many hydrophobic organic compounds. In order to include BC sorption in fate models, it is important to know BC nanopore surface areas. In addition, it is useful to know for which compounds BC sorption can be expected to be important. By nitrogen adsorption measurements at ultralow pressures on sediment that was strongly enriched in BC by HF treatment and/or chemothermal oxidation at 375 degreesC, we found that environmental BC has nanoporosity in the <4-10 Angstrom size range. The nanopore surface area (<50 Angstrom) of BC in Lake Ketelmeer (The Netherlands) sediment was approximately 58 m(2)/g. We measured sorption isotherms over a wide concentration interval for four compounds with the same K-OW (10(4.6+/-0.1)): planar anthracene (ANT), phenanthrene (PHE), and 4-chlorobiphenyl (4-PCB) along with nonplanar 2,2'-dichlorobiphenyl (2,2'-PCB). The environmental BC sorption coefficients of these iso-K-OW compounds decreased in the order ANT > PHE approximate to 4-PCB much greater than 2,2'-PCB and spanned a factor of 50-200, depending on concentration. Nonplanar 2,2'-PCB showed much more linear BC sorption (n(F) = 0.92) than the planar compounds (n(F) = 0.54-0.70). This shows that steric hindrance strongly attenuates BC-sorbate interactions for a nonplanar PCB. Thus, BC is more important for environmental sorption of planar compounds (>50% sorbed to BC in the nanogram per liter range) than for nonplanar ones (<10-20%). Using the measured BC nanopore surface area, a close agreement between modeled and measured BC sorption data could be found.
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- Cornelissen, Gerard, et al.
(författare)
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Remediation of Contaminated Marine Sediment Using Thin-Layer Capping with Activated Carbon-A Field Experiment in Trondheim Harbor, Norway
- 2011
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Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 45:14, s. 6110-6116
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In situ amendment of contaminated sediments using activated carbon (AC) is a recent remediation technique, where the strong sorption of contaminants to added AC reduces their release from sediments and uptake into organisms. The current study describes a marine underwater field pilot study in Trondheim harbor, Norway, in which powdered AC alone or in combination with sand or clay was tested as a thin-layer capping material for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-contaminated sediment. Several novel elements were included, such as measuring PAH fluxes, no active mixing of AC into the sediment, and the testing of new manners of placing a thin AC cap on sediment, such as AC+clay and AC+sand combinations. Innovative chemical and biological monitoring methods were deployed to test capping effectiveness. In situ sediment-to-water PAH fluxes were measured using recently developed benthic flux chambers. Compared to the reference field, AC capping reduced fluxes by a factor of 2-10. Pore water PAH concentration profiles were measured in situ using anew passive sampler technique, and yielded a reduction factor of 2-3 compared to the reference field. The benthic macrofauna composition and biodiversity were affected by the AC amendments, AC + clay having a lower impact on the benthic taxa than AC-only or AC + sand. In addition, AC + clay gave the highest AC recoveries (60% vs 30% for AC-only and AC + sand) and strongest reductions in sediment-to-water PAH fluxes and porewater concentrations. Thus, application of an AC-clay mixture is recommended as the optimal choice of the currently tested thin-layer capping methods for PAHs, and more research on optimizing its implementation is needed.
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