| 1. |
- Hallengren, Bengt, et al.
(författare)
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No increase in fracture incidence in patients treated for thyrotoxicosis in Malmo during 1970-74. A 20-year population-based follow-up
- 1999
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Ingår i: Journal of Internal Medicine. - : Wiley. - 0954-6820 .- 1365-2796. ; 246:2, s. 139-144
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives. To study whether there is an increased fracture incidence following thyrotoxicosis. Design. A case-control study. Setting. Malmo University Hospital, Malmo, Sweden. Subjects: All patients (n = 333) from the population of Malmo who were treated for thyrotoxicosis for the first time during the 5-year period 1970-74. A total of 618 controls were selected from the local municipality registry in Malmo. For each case the aim was to randomly select two age- and gender-specific controls, alive in 1993 and born the same year and month as the case. Main outcome measures. Fracture incidence. Results. Comparing survivors, there were no differences in the percentage of individuals with fractures (all, fragility, non-fragility) between the patients and the controls. Comparing all individuals and including all fractures, the percentage of individuals with fractures in the entire female patient group (24.6%) was lower (P < 0.05) than in female controls (33.1%). There was a similar but non-significant pattern between male patients and controls. The mean number of all fractures was lower in male patients than in controls (P < 0.05), but no significant difference was noted between female patients and controls. For fragility fractures, there were no significant differences in the percentage of individuals with fractures or in the mean number of fractures between female or male patients and controls. Conclusion. In conclusion we found no increased incidence of fragility fractures in patients with previous thyrotoxicosis as compared with controls. Our results do not support the suggestion that screening for osteoporosis should be performed in patients with previous thyrotoxicosis.
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| 2. |
- Wadman, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Abdominal plain film findings in acute ischemic bowel disease differ with age.
- 2006
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Ingår i: Acta Radiologica. - : SAGE Publications. - 1600-0455 .- 0284-1851. ; 47:3, s. 238-243
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: To evaluate the use and findings of abdominal plain film in acute ischemic bowel disease (AIBD) in different age subsets, and to correlate the clinical findings. Material and Methods: Eighty-nine radiographically examined patients with AIBD at Malmö University Hospital, Sweden between 1987 and 1996. Results: In 89%, the plain film displayed pathologic signs. Bowel dilatation was more common in the elderly. Of 68 patients aged ⩾71 years, 19 (28%) had colon gas/fluid levels with/without colon dilatation, and of 19 patients >84 years 16 (84%) had small-bowel dilatation. Of 20 patients aged <71 years, 1 (5%) had colon gas/fluid levels with/without colon dilatation, and 11 (55%) small-bowel dilatation ( P<0.05; P<0.05). Gasless abdomen was more common in the younger age group, noted in 5 of 20 (25%) patients aged <71 years, compared to 2 of 68 (3%) patients aged ⩾71 years ( P = 0.001). Of the patients with diarrhea, 13 of 33 (40%) had colon gas/fluid levels with/without colon dilatation compared to 2 of 29 (7%) without ( P = 0.003). In the elderly (⩾71years), 48 of 53 (91%) patients with bowel dilatation on plain film died, compared to 11 out of 16 (69%) without this finding ( P<0.05). Conclusion: Abdominal plain film findings differed with age. Bowel dilatation was more frequent in the elderly with AIBD, whereas gasless abdomen was more common in younger patients. The radiographic findings were associated with clinical symptoms and mortality.
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| 3. |
- Edsfeldt, Andreas, et al.
(författare)
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Low carotid calcium score is associated with higher levels of glycosaminoglycans, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and parathyroid hormone in human carotid plaques.
- 2011
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Ingår i: Stroke: a journal of cerebral circulation. - 1524-4628. ; 42:10, s. 458-2966
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Computed tomography (CT) is used to study coronary artery plaques, but little is known about its potential to characterize plaque composition. This study assesses the relation between carotid calcium score (CCS) by CT and plaque composition, namely extracellular matrix, inflammatory mediators, and calcium metabolites. METHODS: Thirty patients with significant carotid stenosis underwent preoperative CT. CCS was quantified by Agaston calcium score. Plaque components were studied histologically and biochemically (collagen, elastin, and glycosaminoglycans). Fraktalkine, interferon-γ, interleukin-10, interleukin-12 p70, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, platelet-derived growth factor-AB/BB, RANTES and tumor necrosis factor-α, and parathyroid hormone were measured using Luminex technology. RESULTS: Plaques with CCS ≥400 had more calcium (P=0.012), less glycosaminoglycan (P=0.002), tumor necrosis factor-α (P=0.013), and parathyroid hormone (P=0.028) than those with CCS <400. CCS correlated with plaque content of calcium (r=0.62; P<0.001) and inversely with glycosaminoglycan (r=-0.49; P=0.006) and tumor necrosis factor-α (r=-0.56; P=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Human carotid plaques with high CCS are richer in calcium and have lower amounts of glycosaminoglycan, parathyroid hormone, and tumor necrosis factor-α, which is one of the main proinflammatory cytokines involved in atherosclerosis. This suggests that CCS not only reflects the degree of calcification, but also other important biological components relevant for stability such as inflammation.
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| 4. |
- Elmståhl, Barbara
(författare)
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Are gadolinium contrast media really less nephrotoxic than iodine agents in radiographic examinations? A comparison in relation to their ability to attenuate x-rays in a pig model
- 2006
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Purpose: To confront the statement that gadolinium contrast media (Gd-CM) are less nephrotoxic than iodine contrast media (I-CM) when used in x-ray angiographic and computed tomographic (CT) examinations. Methods: I) For CT measurements (mean density in Hounsfield numbers) 20-mL syringes filled with I- and Gd-CM at 0.01, 0.02, 0.05 and 0.1 mmol attenuating atoms/mL were scanned in air and in a 30 cm polystyrene phantom. For measurements on radiofluoroscopy (RF), X-ray angiography (XA) and direct digital systems (DX) systems (relative contrast values) 20-mL syringes were filled with 0.5M Gd-CM and I-CM at 35, 50, 70, 90, 110 and 140 mg I/mL. The syringes were placed in phantoms equivalent to 13 (thin) and 20 cm (thick) water. Syringes filled with distilled water served as a constancy reference. II) In a non-crossover design in three separate studies 3 ml of each test solution were injected in 8 pigs/study at a rate of 20 mL/min into the balloon-occluded (10-minutes) right renal artery of left-sided nephrectomized pigs. Test solutions: 1) 0.5M gadopentetate (1.96 Osm/kg H2O), 0.5M gadodiamide (0.78 Osm/kg), 0.5M iohexol (190 mg I/mL; 0.42 Osm/kg), 0.18M iohexol (70 mg I/mL; with an x-ray attenuation equal to that of 0.5M Gd-CM at 80 kVp) and saline; 2) 0.5M gadopentetate, 0.5M gadodiamide, 0.5M iohexol and mannitol solutions iso-osmotic to these CM; 3) 1.0M gadobutrol (1.6 Osm/kg), 0.5M gadodiamide, iodixanol 150 and 320 mg I/mL (290 mOsm/kg) and iopromide 150 mg I/mL (340 mOsm/kg). The plasma half-life elimination time of a GFR-marker were used to compare their effects on glomerular filtration rate 1-3 hours post-injection. III) After the experiments the kidneys were evaluated histomorphologically. Results: I) In vitro measurements indicate that 0.5M Gd-CM are equal attenuating with 60-80 mg I/mL at commonly used 70-90 kVp for XRA and with 110 mg I/mL at 120 kVp CT using a body phantom. II) Gadopentetate and iso-osmotic mannitol as well as gadobutrol caused severe impairment of renal function. Gadodiamide caused a 90% prolongation of plasma half-life relative to saline, significantly longer than 0.5M iohexol with a 35% prolongation. GFR following injections of iohexol 70, iopromide 150, and iodixanol 150 and 320 were in the same range as that following saline. III) Gd-CM with the highest osmolality caused marked necroses and haemorrhage/congestion correlating with their marked impairment of renal function, while the plasma iso-osmotic I-CM caused no or only minimal changes. Conclusions: Gd-CM are more nephrotoxic than equal volumes of I-CM resulting in the same or even better attenuation of x-rays. Thus, Gd-CM should not be used as a substitute for I-CM in patients with renal impairment when performing radiographic examinations. Key words: Angiography; Computed tomography; Contrast media, toxicity; Gadolinium; Glomerular filtration; Iodine; Kidney failure; Nephrotoxicity. Key words: Angiography; Computed tomography; Contrast media, toxicity; Osmolality; Renal impairment; Gadolinium, Kidney failure; Iodine, nephrotoxicity, equal attenuation, equi-molar, osmotic load, attenuation, half-life, porcine model
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Elmståhl, Barbara, et al.
(författare)
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Gadolinium contrast media are more nephrotoxic than iodine media. The importance of osmolality in direct renal artery injections
- 2006
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Ingår i: European Radiology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0938-7994 .- 1432-1084. ; 16:12, s. 2712-2720
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A study was undertaken of the role of osmotoxicity in gadolinium (Gd) and iodine contrast media (CM) nephrotoxicity in ischemic porcine kidneys. Test solutions: mannitol iso-osmotic to 0.5 M: gadopentetate (1.96 Osm/kg H2O), 0.5 M: gadodiamide (0.78 Osm/kg H2O) and 0.5 M: iohexol (190 mg I/ml, 0.42 Osm/kg H2O). Each solution was injected [3 ml/kg body weight (BW)] into the balloon-occluded (10 min) renal artery of eight left-sided nephrectomized pigs. The plasma half-life of a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) marker was used to compare their effects on GFR 1-3 h post-injection. The median half-lives of the GFR marker after injection of gadopentetate (1,730 min) and mannitol 1.96 Osm/kg H2O (2,782 min) did not differ statistically (P = 0.28), but were significantly longer than after all other solutions (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference (P = 0.06) between gadodiamide (218 min) and mannitol 0.82 Osm/kg H2O (169 min), while there was (P = 0.03) between iohexol (181 min) and mannitol 0.43 Osm/kg H2O (148 min). The difference between gadodiamide and iohexol was significant (P = 0.01). Reduction in GFR, as a marker of nephrotoxicity, induced by gadopentetate correlated with its high osmolality, while the effect of gadodiamide and iohexol may include chemotoxicity. Iohexol molecules were less nephrotoxic than the Gd-CM molecules and contain three-times the number of attenuating atoms per molecule.
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| 7. |
- Elmståhl, Barbara, et al.
(författare)
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Histomorphological Changes after Renal X-Ray Arteriography Using Iodine and Gadolinium Contrast Media in an Ischemic Porcine Model.
- 2007
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Ingår i: Acta Radiologica. - : SAGE Publications. - 1600-0455 .- 0284-1851. ; 48:10, s. 1109-1119
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Gadolinium contrast media (Gd-CM) are regarded as non-nephrotoxic or considerably less nephrotoxic than iodine contrast media (I-CM), and have therefore come to be used as a substitute for I-CM in patients with renal insufficiency in a variety of radiographic examinations. Purpose: To investigate renal histomorphological changes caused by Gd-CM in comparison with I-CM after renal X-ray arteriography in an ischemic porcine model, and to evaluate these changes in relation to the nephrotoxicity of the CM used. Material and Methods: Test solutions: gadopentetate, gadodiamide, iohexol, gadobutrol, iopromide, iodixanol, mannitol, and saline. The experiments were performed on 152 animals. Each pig was randomized to receive one test solution injected into the balloon-occluded (10 min) right renal artery. The kidneys were evaluated histomorphologically. The severity of histomorphological changes was graded subjectively: 1 = minimal, 2 = mild, 3 = moderate, and 4 = marked. Results: The main histological changes were 1) proximal tubular and glomerular necrosis, 2) hemorrhage/congestion of the cortex, medulla, and glomeruli, 3) proximal tubular vacuolation, and 4) protein-filled tubules in the cortex and medulla. Necrosis and hemorrhage/congestion were more frequent after injections with gadopentetate, mannitol solution iso-osmotic to gadopentetate, and gadobutrol compared to all other groups (P<0.001). The degree of necrosis and hemorrhage/congestion was related to the degree of impairment of renal function, but inversely related to vacuolation and tubular protein filling. Conclusion: In ischemic porcine kidneys, the histomorphological changes caused by Gd-CM are similar to those caused by I-CM. Vacuolation appears to be independent of the osmolality and viscosity of the CM, and does not seem to be an indicator of renal impairment. “High-osmolal” Gd-CM are more nephrotoxic than “low- and iso-osmolal” I-CM when compared in equal volumes of concentrations, resulting in equal X-ray attenuation.
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| 8. |
- Elmståhl, Barbara, et al.
(författare)
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Iodixanol 320 results in better renal tolerance and radiodensity than do gadolinium-based contrast media: Arteriography in ischemic porcine kidneys
- 2008
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Ingår i: Radiology. - : Radiological Society of North America (RSNA). - 1527-1315 .- 0033-8419. ; 247:1, s. 88-97
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: To prospectively compare nephrotoxicity and radiodensity of plasma hyperosmotic gadolinium chelates (attenuation-osmotic ratio of 1: 1) with those of plasma iso-osmotic iodine-based contrast media (attenuation-osmotic ratio of 3: 1 or 6: 1) after renal arteriography in ischemic porcine kidneys. Materials and Methods: The local animal care committee approved this study. The following contrast media were used: (a) iodixanol (150 mg of iodine per milliliter and 320 mg I/mL, 0.29 osm/kg H2O), (b) iopromide (150 mg I/mL, 0.34 osm/kg), (c) 0.5 mol/L gadodiamide (0.78 osm/kg), and (d) 1.0 mol/L gadobutrol (1.6 osm/kg). After left-sided nephrectomy, contrast media (3 mL per kilogram of body weight) were injected (20 mL/min) in a noncrossover design into the right renal artery of pigs during a 10-minute ischemic period. There were eight pigs in each group and one group for each contrast medium. We compared histomorphology, radiographic contrast medium excretion, subjective radiodensity of nephrograms (70 kVp) at the end of injection, and contrast medium plasma half-life elimination times 1-3 hours after injection. Longer elimination times resulted in lower glomerular filtration rates. Results: Gadobutrol caused extensive tubular necrosis and moderate glomerular necrosis; gadodiamide and iopromide, minimal to mild tubular necrosis; and iodixanol, no necrosis. Gadobutrol was the only contrast medium to show no sign of excretion, and its plasma half-life elimination time (median, 1103 minutes; P = .001) was significantly longer than that of other contrast agents. Gadodiamide had a significantly longer plasma half-life elimination time (median, 209 minutes; P = .01) than did iodine-based contrast media (median, 136-142 minutes). The 320 mg I/mL dose of iodixanol had the highest radiodensity, whereas gadodiamide had the lowest radiodensity. The radiodensity of the 320 mg I/mL dose of iodixanol was greater than that of the 150 mg I/mL dose of iodixanol, which was equal to the radiodensities of the 150 mg I/mL dose of iopromide and 1.0 mol/L gadobutrol, which in turn were greater than that of 0.5 mol/L gadodiamide. Conclusion: Plasma iso-osmotic iodine-based contrast media used at commercially available concentrations have superior attenuation and nephrotoxic profiles compared with equal volumes of hyperosmotic nonionic 0.5-1.0 mol/L gadolinium-based contrast media when performing renal arteriographic procedures. (c) RSNA, 2008.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Nyman, Ulf, et al.
(författare)
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Are gadolinium-based contrast media really safer than iodinated media for digital subtraction angiography in patients with azotemia?
- 2002
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Ingår i: Radiology. - : Radiological Society of North America (RSNA). - 1527-1315 .- 0033-8419. ; 223:2, s. 311-318
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Gadolinium chelates, intended as intravenous contrast media for magnetic resonance imaging, have been regarded as nonnephrotoxic and recommended to replace iodinated contrast media in patients with azotemia who are undergoing digital subtraction angiography (DSA). High intraarterial doses (up to 220 mmol of gadodiamide) have been used, with a 40% incidence of nephropathy. The authors discourage the use of gadolinium for DSA for several reasons. (a) There exist no randomized studies comparing the nephrotoxic effects of gadolinium-based and iodinated media at equal-attenuating concentrations and doses. (b) Gadolinium-based media are hypertonic, a pathogenetic factor in contrast medium-induced nephropathy after renal angiography, with an osmolality two to seven times that of plasma. Iodinated media in concentrations that are equally attenuating with gadolinium-based media can be made isotonic. (c) In vitro measurements indicate that 0.5 mol/L gadolinium chelates are equally attenuating with 60-80 mg iodine per milliliter at the commonly used 70-90-kV range used for DSA. Thus, 50 mL of 0.5 mol/L gadolinium chelate ( approximately 0.3 mmol/kg in an 80-kg person) would be equally attenuating with a dose of 3-4 g of iodine in an iodinated medium (eg, 50 mL iohexol at 60-80 mg I/mL or 10-13 mL at 300 mg I/mL). (d) By combining these data on attenuation and results of toxicity studies in mice, the general toxicity of gadolinium chelates may be six to 25 times higher than that of equal-attenuating doses of iodinated media at 70-kV DSA. Thus, the authors believe that at equal-attenuating doses for DSA, modern iodinated contrast media should result in a lower toxic load on the body than with presently available gadolinium chelates.
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