| 1. |
- Elwinger, Klas
(författare)
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A brief history of poultry nutrition over the last hundred years
- 2016
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Ingår i: World's Poultry Science Journal. - 0043-9339. ; 72, s. 701-720
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The science and practice of poultry nutrition has changed greatly over the last hundred years, moving from a backyard enterprise to the modern computer-controlled production of whole diets formulated to specific nutrient compositions. This has become possible as a result of the identification of individual nutrients and their metabolic roles. Although the word 'protein' was first used in 1834, it was not until the 1950s that the avalanche of research on protein and amino acid requirements of poultry started. Energy content of feeds did not become a consideration until the 1940s when the concept of metabolisable energy was introduced. The term 'vitamin' was first proposed in 1912 to describe the essentiality of thiamine. The term was later extended to cover other essential compounds needed in small quantities. By the 1940s all the remaining 12 vitamins had been identified, and in the 1970s the importance of the vitamin D metabolites was discovered. The importance of calcium and phosphorus for both growing and laying birds was identified in the early stages of poultry keeping and requirements and dietary ratios were established. More recently, the introduction of feed phytase has allowed lowering of both phosphorus and calcium concentrations. Carbohydrase enzymes have also been development for addition to feeds. The importance of sodium, phosphorus and chloride in maintaining electrolyte balance was identified. Trace minerals were usually supplemented in diets as inorganic salts but organic chelates or proteinates have been found in recent years to be absorbed more efficiently. Antibiotics were widely used as growth promoters but their banning, especially in Europe, has led to the search for alternative additives with growth or health benefits. Poultry nutrition is now a scientifically mature subject but changes in industrial practice can be expected to continue, though probably at a slower pace than in recent years.
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| 2. |
- Elwinger, Klas, et al.
(författare)
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Low methionine diets is a potential health risk in organic egg production
- 2009
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Low-methionine diets is a potential health risk in organic egg production ELWINGER K. and TAUSON R. Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, SLU, SE 75323 Uppsala, Sweden Three trials were conducted to assess the possibility to supply laying hens with 100 % organically approved diets. Twelve pens were used, each comprising 100 hens in an aviary system and each with access to an out-door area. Each trial included a whole laying period, and diets differing in methionine content (range 2.2 to 3.8 g/kg) were fed to two genotypes in each trial: I LSL, SH (experimental); II Hyline, SH; III LSL, Lohmann Silver(LS). I and II are reported by Elwinger et al. (2008). Data from these trials and a third, not published, trial were recalculated using the GLM procedure in the SAS (2004). Models describing relationships between bird performance traits and the diets methionine (g/kg) content were fitted. Feed intake was also related to the birds feather cover (%). The best fits (all parameters p<0.01) are shown in the table and will be presented in figures in the poster. Trait Model Mean CV, % 1 Feather cover, % m m2 m*G(T) m2*G(T) 66 9.4 2 Feed intake, g/day m m*G(T) 117 4.6 3 Feed intake, g/day f*G(T) G(T) 117 3.5 4 Egg weight, g m m2 G(T) 61 1.4 m=met (g/kg), f=feather cover, G=genotype, T=trial 1. Feather cover ranged from 20-80 % between trials (p<0.001) and there was a significant curve linear effect of methionine (p<0.01), the less methionine the worse feathering, which differed between genotypes within trials (p<0.002). Feather cover peaked at about 3.6 g methionine per kg. 2. Feed intake decreased linearly (p<0.001) and differently (p<0.001) within genotypes in trials. 3. It appeared that differences noticed in 2 were related to feather cover. Thus feed intake increased linearly (p<0.001) as feather cover deteriorated. There was a difference of about 30 g feed per hen and day between a naked and a well feathered hen. 4. Egg weight differed between genotypes within trials (p<0.001) but increased (p<0.001) curve linearly and similarly with a maximum at about 3.5 g methionine per kg. 5. Number of eggs per hen per day (eph) differed between trials (p<0.001) but there was no significant effect related to methionine level. Conclusions. Methionine shortage, which is a potential risk in organic egg production impairs plumage condition and decreases egg weight whereas eph appears unaffected
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| 3. |
- Eriksson, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Behaviour, production and health of organically reared fast-growing broilers fed low crude protein diets including different amino acid contents at start
- 2010
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Ingår i: Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A - Animal Science. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0906-4702 .- 1651-1972. ; 60, s. 112-124
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Only fast-growing broilers are available for organic production in Sweden, and due to organic legislations and long rearing periods feed restriction has to be practised. To evaluate the effect on welfare aspects and health, two diets, low in crude protein content, with (LPA) and without amino acid supplements (LP) were fed to 1400 Ross 308 chickens, divided over eight pens in two chicken houses, with access to outdoor pasture. Behavioural observations were conducted at 2, 6 and 10 weeks. In general, birds fed the LP diet used their outdoor pasture more, and showed a higher frequency of behaviours related to feed search, than the LPA birds. The LPA diet resulted in higher live weight, mortality and more leg problems. However, cannibalism outbreaks which are rarely seen in broiler production occurred in the LP birds. This indicates that new problems were introduced that are not beneficial for animal welfare. Furthermore, the behaviour differences related to feed search, changes between behaviours and preening might have indicated a frustration related to the qualitative feed restriction for the chickens given the LP diet.
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| 4. |
- Eriksson, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Protein supply in organic broiler diets
- 2009
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Ingår i: Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A - Animal Science. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0906-4702 .- 1651-1972. ; 59, s. 211-219
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Organic feed legislation, long-rearing periods and high requirements of sulphur-rich amino acids (AAs) complicate the composition of a well-balanced organic diet for broilers. To evaluate the effect of protein and AA composition, three different diets were fed to 180 Ross broilers, divided over 45 pens. The diets comprised a low crude protein (CP) and AA diet, a high CP diet aiming at AA levels used in conventional production and a low protein diet supplemented with lysine, methionine and threonine up to levels of the high protein diet. Chickens were immunologically challenged with an inactivated infectious bursal disease (IBD) vaccine; antibody titres, heterophil/lymphocyte (H/L) ratios, lymphoid organ weights and digestibility coefficients were recorded. In general, bird performance improved with increasing dietary CP and AA levels. Dietary treatments did not significantly affect any of the measured immune or stress-related parameters.
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| 5. |
- Ivarsson, Emma, et al.
(författare)
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Slutrapport: ökat utnyttjande av raps och åkerböna i slaktkycklingfoder
- 2014
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Sojaanvändningen inom animalieproduktionen är kraftigt ifrågasatt, och att ersätta sojan med inhemska proteinfodermedel är en av de viktigaste förändringar för att minska miljöpåverkan och stärka svensk kycklings varumärke. Raps och åkerbönor är två av de proteingrödor som är odlingsbara i Sverige och det finns stora möjlighetet att öka användningen av dessa i kycklingfoder. Ett litet gissel med i stort sett alla inhemska proteingrödor är att de innehåller en del ämnen s.k. antinutritionella substanser (ANS) som kan störa näringsupptaget hos fjäderfän. I raps är det framförallt glukosinolater och dess nedbrytningsprodukter som utgör ett problem. Nedbrytning av glukosinolater aktiveras av enzymet myrosinas. Begränsningen hos åkerböna är för växande djur framförallt tanniner och trypsininhibitorer, där vitblommiga åkerbönorna är i princip fria från tanniner. Såväl myrosinas som trypsininhibitorer är värmeinstabila och det finns därmed möjligheter att genom förbehandling med värme, förstöra dessa oönskade substanser i råvaran innan den blandas in i fodret. Dock saknas information om optimal tid och temperatur på värmebehandlingen och hur denna påverkar möjlig inblandningsnivå i slaktkycklingfoder. Risken med en för kraftig värmebehandling är att proteinkvaliteten blir negativt påverkad. För att undersöka detta genomfördes fyra delförsök, ett labförsök och ett slaktkycklingförsök med rapsfrö och ett labförsök och ett slaktkycklingförsök med vitblommig åkerböna. Labförsöken utfördes på Kungsängens forskningscentrum, SLU och raps respektive åkerböna torr-rostades i ugn i olika tider och temperaturer. För raps var enzymet myrosinas helt inaktiverat vid rostning 120 °C, 15 min samtidigt som proteinets kvalité var bibehållen. För åkerböna sågs en sänkning av trypsininhibitoraktivitet och bibehållen proteinkvalitet vid rostning 140 °C, 5,5 min, och dessa temperaturer bedöms som optimala vid torr- rostning. Slaktkycklingförsöken utfödes på Lövsta forskningscentrum, och i rapsförsöket testades 4 inblandningsnivåer, 0, 8, 16, 24 % raps, samt effekt av värmebehandling i form av ångpelletering. För de pelleterade fodren var 16 % inblandning möjlig utan att påverka foderintag, tillväxt eller foderomvandlingsförmåga (FCR) negativt. För de icke-pelleterade - müslifodern var FCR bibehållen vid 8 % inblandning, men vikt och foderintag var sämre än kontrollfodret och sänktes sedan linjärt med ökad inblandningsnivå. I slaktkycklingförsöket med åkerböna testades också 4 inblandningsnivåer, 0, 10, 20 och 30 %, dessa foder ångpelleterades. För nivån 20 % åkerböna testades även effekten av värmebehandling och foderstruktur genom att två müslifoder tillverkades, i det ena var åkerbönorna förrostade i 140 °C, 5,5 min i det andra var de obehandlade. Resultaten visade att foderintag, vikt och FCR var bibehållen vid 20 % inblandning, vid 30 % inblandning var FCR bibehållen, men foderintag och vikt var sänkta. I båda müslifodern sågs ett väldigt lågt foderintag och därmed låga vikter, men bibehållen FCR. Som slutsats konsterades att värmebehandling i form av pelletering möjliggör inblandning av 16 % rapsfrö och 20 % vitblommig åkerböna i slaktkycklingfoder.
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| 6. |
- Jönsson, Lotta, et al.
(författare)
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Mussel meal as a replacement for fish meal in feeds for organic poultry - a pilot short-term study
- 2009
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Ingår i: Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A - Animal Science. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0906-4702 .- 1651-1972. ; 59, s. 22-27
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A trial was performed to evaluate effects of mussel meal in laying hen diets. The study included 96 hens (Lohmann Selected Leghorn). Four diets with 0, 3, 6 or 9% inclusion level of mussel meal, replacing the same quantities of fish meal, were included. At 26 weeks of age, five eggs from each treatment were collected and analysed for internal egg quality. The different contents of mussel meal had no significant effect on production performance or egg quality parameters except from laying percentage and egg yolk pigmentation. Mussel meal concentration up to 6% tended to improve laying percentage compared to the 0% group. Yolk pigmentation increased significantly with increasing levels of mussel meal. There were no differences between the different diets in fatty acid pattern regarding docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and linolenic acid in the egg yolk. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) decreased significantly when fishmeal was replaced by mussel meal.
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| 7. |
- Kalmendal, Robin, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of high-fibre sunflower cake on productivity and gut health in broiler chickens
- 2009
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cold-pressed sunflower cake (SFC) is an alternative feedstuff distinguished by high methionine content; making it interesting in e.g. organic feed formulations. However, there are large variations in crude fibre contents due to differences in cultivars and processing techniques used. Recently the effects of fibrous feeds on poultry gut health and productivity have gained much attention. 120 mixed sex broilers were randomly assigned to 3 treatments with 5 replicates per treatment and 8 birds per replicate. The broilers were fed pelletted maize-based diets with 0%, 20% and 30% of undecorticated high fibre SFC (resulting in crude fibre contents of 2.9, 9.8 and 13.3%, respectively) between 15 and 31 days of age. Feeds were iso-nitrogenous and formulated with fixed AME:methionine and AME:lysine ratios. All recordings were pooled within replicates and standard production parameters, volatile fatty acids and log-transformed bacterial counts in the ileal lumen were subjected to ANOVA. Effects of differences in male:female ratios between replicates were never significant (p>0.2) but the effect of live weight at day 15 was significant (p<0.2) and was used as a co-variate in the statistical analyses of final weight, Clostridia counts and acetic acid concentration of ileal lumen. Chickens were heavier when fed 20% (1985 ± 20 g) and 30% (1991 ± 23 g) compared to 0% SFC (1869 ± 20 g) at day 31 (p<0.01). 30% SFC treatment resulted in impaired feed conversion ratio (1.78 ± 0.05) compared to 0% (1.72 ± 0.02) and 20% (1.70 ± 0.04) SFC (p<0.05) but no significant difference was seen between the latter two treatments. Feed intake was different between all treatments (p<0.05) and increased with SFC inclusion. However, consumed amounts of AME, methionine and lysine did not differ between treatments. Dry matter weight of digesta in the distal end of the small intestine increased with SFC inclusion (p<0.01), explaining some of the differences in final weight. Clostridia counts were reduced in ileum with 20% and 30% SFC vs 0% SFC (p<0.05). No effects on coliform bacteria counts were seen. Counts of lactobacilli were reduced with 30% SFC compared to 0% and 20% SFC (p<0.05). Concentration of acetic acid in ileal lumen decreased with increasing SFC level (p<0.05) and propionic acid was reduced in 20% and 30% SFC treatments (p<0.05). Lactic acid concentrations were distinguished by very large variances but there was a tendency of lower lactic acid concentration in 30% vs 20% SFC (p=0.076). No effects on the concentrations of butyric or iso-butyric acid were noted. pH of ileal lumen remained unchanged, irrespective of treatment. No effects on litter quality or foot health were observed in any treatment. The results of this study suggest that 20% inclusion of high fibre SFC in broiler diets does not exert negative effects on production performance and that Clostridia counts in ileal lumen are suppressed
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| 8. |
- Kalmendal, Robin, et al.
(författare)
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High-fibre sunflower cake affects small intestinal digestion and health in broiler chickens
- 2011
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Ingår i: British Poultry Science. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0007-1668 .- 1466-1799. ; 52, s. 86-96
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- 1. An experiment was conducted to evaluate high-fibre sunflower cake (HF-SFC); a feed ingredient distinguished by large amounts of crude fibre and insoluble non-starch polysaccharides (i-NSP). 2. Broiler chickens (n = 160) were fed on pelleted maize-based diets free from coccidiostats and antibiotic growth promoters between 15 and 31 d of age. Diets included 0, 10, 20 or 30% HF-SFC. Performance and small intestinal health were assessed. 3. In general, HF-SFC inclusion mediated significant linear increases in ileal digestibility of fat and protein and significant linear decreases in ileal digestibility of dry matter, ash and energy. 4. Weight gain increased linearly with HF-SFC inclusion. Feed conversion was negatively affected by 30% HF-SFC but not by 20% HF-SFC. 5. In the jejunal lumen, inclusion of HF-SFC was associated with significant decreases in colony counts of Clostridium spp. 6. HF-SFC inclusion resulted in significant linear reductions of villus height, thickness of muscularis mucosa, and the circular and longitudinal layers of muscularis in the jejunum. Crypt depth and submucosal thickness were not affected. 7. The data indicate that broiler chickens may thrive on feeds with insoluble fibre contents far exceeding those used in practice, and that HF-SFC exerts some positive effects on digestion and small intestinal health.
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