| 1. |
- Kirby, A J, et al.
(författare)
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Gemini surfactants: New synthetic vectors for gene transfection
- 2003
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Ingår i: Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English. - : Wiley. - 0570-0833 .- 1433-7851 .- 1521-3773. ; 42:13, s. 1448-1457
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The superior surfactant properties of cationic gemini surfactants are applied to the complex problem of introducing genes into cells. Of almost 250 new compounds tested, of some 20 different structural types, a majority showed very good transfection activity in vitro. The surfactant is shown to bind and compact DNA efficiently, and structural studies and calculations provide a working picture of the lipoplex formed. The lipoplex can penetrate the outer membranes of many cell types, to appear in the cytoplasm encapsulated within endosomes. Escape from the endosome - a key step for transfection - may be controlled by changes in the aggregation behavior of the lipoplex as the pH falls. The evidence suggests that DNA may be released from the lipoplex before entry into the nucleus, where the new gene can be expressed with high efficiency.
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| 2. |
- Rispens, T, et al.
(författare)
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Kinetics of hydrolysis of 4-methoxyphenyl-2,2-dichloroethanoate in binary water-cosolvent mixtures; the role of solvent activity and solute-solute interactions
- 2005
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Ingår i: Organic and biomolecular chemistry. - Univ Groningen, Phys Organ Chem Unit, Strating Inst, NL-9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands. : ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY. - 1477-0520 .- 1477-0539. ; 3:4, s. 597-602
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Rate constants are reported for the pH-independent hydrolysis of 4-methoxyphenyl-2,2-dichloroethanoate in aqueous solution as a function of the concentration of added cyanomethane ( acetonitrile), polyethylene glycol ( PEG 400) and tetrahydrofuran ( THF). The concentration of water was varied between ca. 25 and 55.5 M. It was found that the variation in water activity yields only a minor contribution to the observed variation in rate constants. Interestingly, for both cyanomethane and PEG 400 log(k) varies approximately linearly with the molar concentration of water. Medium effects in highly aqueous solutions ( [ H2O] > 50 M) of ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol and 2-methyl-2-propanol have also been determined. Unexpectedly, in this concentration range the alcohols induce significantly smaller effects per unit volume than cyanomethane. The present results are discussed in terms of pairwise interaction parameters. Isobaric activation parameters have been determined and reveal remarkable differences in the nature of the induced medium effects.
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