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| 2. |
- Akter, Shaheda T., et al.
(författare)
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Failure envelope for interaction of stresses perpendicular to the grain with rolling shear stress in wood
- 2018
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Ingår i: 6<sup>th</sup> European Conference on Computational Mechanics (ECCM 6), 7<sup>th</sup> European Conference on Computational Fluid Dynamics (ECFD 7), 11 – 15 June 2018, Glasgow, UK.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The orthotropic material property in combination with ductility in compression, brittleness in shear and tension, very low shear modulus in radial-tangential (RT) plane etc. requires anisotropic stress failure criteria, as well as their evolution with increasing strains. Three- dimensional failure criteria have been proposed for this purpose, but their validation in the RT plane with interaction of rolling shear stresses has attracted less attention. Corresponding stress interactions are however important for modelling of engineered wood-based products under compression perpendicular to the grain when taking into account influence of the annual ring structure.The work aims at defining failure envelopes for stresses perpendicular to the grain with rolling shear stress interaction based on experimental investigations performed on Norway spruce. The experimental set-up was realized in a biaxial testing frame and consisted of stiff steel plates to transfer load from the testing machine to wood specimen. Mechanical grips prevented rotation and uplifting of the specimen in case of pure shear and tensile loading, respectively. In addition to conventional linear variable differential transformers, a digital image correlation system was used to measure strain fields on the surface of wood specimens and steel plates. Measurements of dog-bone shaped specimens were carried out along different stress interaction paths by displacement controlled loading.The experimental dataset was then compared with commonly used phenomenological failure criteria, namely Tsai-Hill, Tsai-Wu [1], Norris [2] and Hoffman, as well as with regression equations from previous works [3].Experiments revealed that the stress-strain relationship under compression, shear, and biaxial loading differs in radial and tangential directions. None of the three-dimensional stress failure criteria provided good prediction of experiments under compression and rolling shear, but experimental data was closer to the regression equation proposed in [3].
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| 3. |
- Bader, Thomas K., 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Dowel deformations in multi-dowel LVL-connections under moment loading
- 2015
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Ingår i: Wood Material Science & Engineering. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1748-0272 .- 1748-0280. ; 10:3, s. 216-231
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the experimental study presented herein is the assessment and quantification of the behavior of individual dowels in multi-dowel connections loaded by a bending moment. For this purpose, double-shear, steel-to-timber connections with nine steel dowels arranged in different patterns and with different dowel diameters were tested in four-point bending. In order to achieve a ductile behavior with up to 7° relative rotation, the connections were partly reinforced with self-tapping screws. The reinforcement did not influence the global load–deformation behavior, neither for dowel diameters of 12 mm nor for 20 mm, as long as cracking was not decisive. The deformation of the individual dowels was studied by means of a non-contact deformation measurement system. Thus, the crushing deformation, that is, the deformation at the steel plate, and the bending deformation of the dowels could be quantified. In the case of 12 mm dowels, the bending deformation was larger than the crushing deformation, while it was smaller in the case of 20 mm dowels. Moreover, dowels loaded parallel to the grain showed larger bending deformations than dowels loaded perpendicular to the grain. This indicates that the loading of the individual dowels in the connection differs depending on their location.
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| 4. |
- Bader, Thomas K., 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Experimental characterization of the global and local behavior of multi-dowel LVL-connections under complex loading
- 2016
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Ingår i: Materials and Structures. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1359-5997 .- 1871-6873. ; 49:6, s. 2407-2424
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The thorough experimental characterization of a dowel-type connection under various combinations of bending moments and normal forces is presented in this study. Double-shear steel-to-timber connections with 12 and 20 mm steel dowels were tested in a 4-point bending test set-up. The load, between the connected steel and wood beams, was transferred by the dowels themselves and also via an additional (passive) contact device, which introduced an eccentric normal force in the timber beam. The behavior of the connections was studied at the global scale of the connection and at the local scale of the individual dowels. A non-contact deformation measurement system was used to assess the changes of the location of the center of relative rotation over the entire loading. At the same time, the head deformations of the individual dowels could be measured, giving a direct indication about the force distribution among the dowels. Due to reinforcement, connections behaved distinctly ductile with a global relative rotation of up to 3°. Pre-stressing of the contact device by a force of 40 kN yielded an even stiffer behavior. For the particular configurations tested herein, the center of rotation was found to be close to the vertical axis of symmetry of the joint and close to the top row of the dowels. Moreover, the superimposed vertical shift of the center of relative rotation in case of a delayed normal force could be quantified. © 2015 RILEM
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| 5. |
- Bader, Thomas K., 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Path dependence in OSB sheathing-to-framing nailed connection revealed by biaxial testing
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Structural Engineering. - Reston, VA : American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). - 0733-9445 .- 1943-541X. ; 144:10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OSB sheathing-to-wood framing connection, as typically used in light-frame shear walls, was experimentally examined in a novel biaxial test setup with respect to possible path dependence of the load-displacement relation. The connection with an annular-ringed shank nail was loaded under displacement control following nine different displacement paths within the sheathing plane, which coincided at a number of points. In intersection points, resultant connection force, its orientation and work performed on the connection system to reach the specific point were calculated and compared. Evaluation of experiments revealed significant path dependence with respect to orientation of force resultants at path intersection points. However, magnitude of the forces and the work carried out showed relatively small dependence of the displacement path undertaken. Comparison of uniaxial connection tests with the European yield model demonstrated strong contribution of withdrawal resistance of the ringed shank nail to its lateral strength. Results of this type are a valuable basis to build better models when simulating such connections in wood structures.
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| 6. |
- Dorn, Michael, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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Development of large-scale load-bearing timber-glass structural elements
- 2014
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Ingår i: WCTE 2014 - World Conference on Timber Engineering.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The building industry demands ever more effective structural elements with a multitude of requirements at the same time. There is increasing interest for load-bearing glass elements which can be deployed in timber structures, e.g. in the outer façade or as column or beam elements within the building. In an on-going research project, the materials glass, timber and the adhesive combining the former have to be selected to fit each other but also suit the application. The mechanical properties are studied individually as well as in combined small-scale specimens experimentally. Furthermore,large-scale tests on beams and shear walls are performed. This is accompanied by numerical analysis to study a wide range of dimensions and variations as well as specific design situations. The final output of the project will be prototypes to beused in showcase projects.
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| 7. |
- Kozłowski, Marcin, et al.
(författare)
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Experimental investigation on timber-glass composite I-beams
- 2014
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Ingår i: Challenging Glass 4- Structural Glass-Novel design methods and next generation products. - : Taylor & Francis. - 9781138001640
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Timber-glass composite I-beams were manufactured and tested in bending to failure. The glass web of the I-beam was adhesively bonded to the timber flanges using three different adhesives: Epoxy, Acrylate and Silicone. For the webs two types of 8 mm thick glass were used: annealed float and heat heat-strengthened glass. Before testing the beams with heat-strengthened glass, the residual-stress profile through the thickness of the glass panels was measured using a portable scattered light polariscope SCALP. The results show that the beam stiffness was similar for the acrylate and epoxy-bonded beams, despite the difference in adhesive stiffness. The beams bonded with the silicone adhesive showed approximately 25% lower stiffness. In terms of load bearing capacity, the beams made using heat-strengthened glass were approximately 50% stronger than the beams made using annealed float, for the epoxy and acrylate adhesive. Using the silicone adhesive, the increase was approximately 20%.
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| 8. |
- Olsson, Anders, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Nytt paradigm för hållfasthetssortering av konstruktionsvirke : Projektrapport två
- 2014
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Undersökningen som redovisas i denna rapport har genomförts under hösten 2013 och våren 2014 inom projektet "Nytt paradigm för hållfasthetssortering av konstruktionsvirke". Projektet, som pågår under perioden december 2011 till juni 2014, går ut på att för industriellt bruk utveckla en nyligen föreslagen metod för hållfasthetssortering av konstruktionsvirke, vilken baseras på laserskanning i kombination med dynamisk excitering och densitetsbestämning av virke. Projektet finansieras till 50 % av VINNOVA och till 50 % av de företag som medverkar i projektet, nämligen Innovativ Vision AB (IV), Vida Vislanda AB, Södra Timber AB, Derome Timber AB och Dynalyse AB. Linnéuniversitetet (Lnu) och SP Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut AB (SP) samverkar med nämnda företag i utförandet av forskningen.Ett syfte med undersökningen är att på ett stort material bestående av många olika virkesdimensioner verifiera de starka statistiska samband som sedan tidigare påvisats för ett begränsat antal plankor och dimensioner, mellan å ena sidan indikerande egenskaper som baseras på mätningar och beräkningar och å andra sidan böjstyrka, elasticitetsmodul och densitet. Ett annat syfte med undersökningen är att visa att nödvändig data kan samlas in av samma utrustning och under samma förhållanden som kommer att gälla vid framtida hållfasthetssortering baserad på den aktuella metoden. Slutligen är ett syfte att samla in och dokumentera data som kan användas för forskning och utveckling både inom och efter det att det aktuella projektet har avslutats.
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| 9. |
- Olsson, Anders, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Nytt paradigm för hållfasthetssortering av konstruktionsvirke : Projektrapport ett
- 2013
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Den undersökning som redovisas i denna rapport har genomförts under hösten 2012 och våren 2013 inom projektet "Nytt paradigm för hållfasthetssortering av konstruktionsvirke". Projektet som kommer att pågå under perioden december 2011 till juni 2014 går ut på att för industriellt bruk utveckla en nyligen föreslagen metod för hållfasthetssortering av konstruktionsvirke, vilken baseras på laserskanning i kombination med dynamisk excitering och densitetsbestämning av virke. Projektet finansieras till 50 % av VINNOVA och till 50 % av de företag som medverkar i projektet, nämligen Innovativ Vision AB (IV), Vida Vislanda AB, Södra Timber AB, Derome Timber AB och Dynalyse AB. Linnéuniversitetet (Lnu) och SP Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut AB (SP) samverkar med nämnda företag i utförandet av forskningen.Syftet med undersökningen är i först hand att utvärdera alternativa sätt för att bestämma densitet för virke och att verifiera implementeringen av programvara för industriellt bruk. Syftet är också att ta fram ett utökat material för att bedöma vilken precision den nya sorteringsmetoden kan erbjuda och för att bedöma hur känslig den är för olika typer förändringar och störningar som kan uppkomma. Undersökningen bygger på ett begränsat material och en mer omfattande undersökning planeras för genomförande under senare delar av projektet.
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| 10. |
- Olsson, Anders, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Prediction of timber bending strength and in-member cross-sectional stiffness vartiation on basis of local wood fibre orientation
- 2013
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Ingår i: European Journal of Wood and Wood Products. - : Springer. - 0018-3768 .- 1436-736X. ; 71:3, s. 319-333
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Machine strength grading of structural timber is based upon relationships between so called indicating properties (IPs) and bending strength. However, such relationships applied on the market today are rather poor. In this paper, new IPs and a new grading method resulting in more precise strength predictions are presented. The local fibre orientation on face and edge surfaces of wooden boards was identified using high resolution laser scanning. In combination with knowledge regarding basic wood material properties for each investigated board, the grain angle information enabled a calculation of the variation of the local MOE in the longitudinal direction of the boards. By integration over cross-sections along the board, an edgewise bending stiffness profile and a longitudinal stiffness profile, respectively, were calculated. A new IP was defined as the lowest bending stiffness determined along the board. For a sample of 105 boards of Norway spruce of dimension 45 × 145 × 3600 mm, a coefficient of determination as high as 0.68-0.71 was achieved between this new IP and bending strength. For the same sample, the coefficient of determination between global MOE, based on the first longitudinal resonance frequency and the board density, and strength was only 0.59. Furthermore, it is shown that improved accuracy when determining the stiffness profiles of boards will lead to even better predictions of bending strength. The results thus motivate both an industrial implementation of the suggested method and further research aiming at more accurately determined board stiffness profiles.
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