| 1. |
- Baer, Katharina, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
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Aspects of Parameter Sensitivity for Series Hydraulic Hybrid Light-Weight Duty Vehicle Design
- 2016
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 9th FPNI Ph.D. Symposium on Fluid Power (FPNI2016). - : American Society of Mechanical Engineers. - 9780791850473
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hybridization of a vehicle’s drivetrain can in principle help to improve its energy efficiency by allowing for recuperation of kinetic energy and modulating the engine’s load. How well this can be realized depends on appropriate sizing and control of the additional components. The system is typically designed sequentially, with the hardware setup preceding the development and tuning of advanced controller architectures. Taking an alternative approach, component sizing and controller tuning can be addressed simultaneously through simulation-based optimization.The results of such optimizations, especially with standard algorithms with continuous design variable ranges, can however be difficult to realize, considering for example limitations in available components. Furthermore, drive-cycle based optimizations are prone to cycle-beating. This paper examines the results of such simulation-based optimization for a series hydraulic hybrid vehicle in terms of sensitivity to variations in design parameters, system parameters and drive cycle variations. Additional relevant aspects concerning the definition of the optimization problem are pointed out.
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| 2. |
- Baer, Katharina, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
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Framework for simulation-based simultaneous system optimization for a series hydraulic hybrid vehicle
- 2019
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Ingår i: International Journal of Fluid Power. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1439-9776 .- 2332-1180. ; 20:1, s. 27-51
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hybridisation of hydraulic drivetrains offers the potential of efficiency improvement for on – and off-road applications. To realise the advantages, a carefully designed system and corresponding control strategy are required, which are commonly obtained through a sequential design process. Addressing component selection and control parameterisation simultaneously through simulation-based optimisation allows for exploration of a large design space as well as design relations and trade-offs, and their evaluation in dynamic conditions which exist in real driving scenarios. In this paper, the optimisation framework for a hydraulic hybrid vehicle is introduced, including the simulation model for a series hybrid architecture and component scaling considerations impacting the system’s performance. A number of optimisation experiments for an on-road light-duty vehicle, focused on standard-drive-cycle-performance, illustrate the impact of the problem formulation on the final design and thus the complexity of the design problem. The designs found demonstrate both the potential of energy storage in series hybrids, via an energy balance diagram, as well as some challenges. The framework presented here provides a base for systematic evaluation of design alternatives and problem formulation aspects.
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| 3. |
- Baer, Katharina, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
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Robustness and performance evaluations for simulation-based control and component parameter optimization for a series hydraulic hybrid vehicle
- 2020
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Ingår i: Engineering optimization (Print). - : Taylor & Francis. - 0305-215X .- 1029-0273. ; 52:3, s. 446-464
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Simulation-based optimization is a useful tool in the design of complex engineering products. Simulation models are used to capture numerous aspects of the design problem for the objective function. Optimization results obtained can be assessed from various perspectives. In this study, component and control optimization of a series hydraulic hybrid vehicle is used as an application, and different robustness and performance aspects are evaluated. Owing to relatively high computational loads, efficient optimization algorithms are important to provide sufficient quality of results at reasonable computational costs. To estimate problem complexity and evaluate optimization algorithm performance, the definitions for information entropy and the related performance index are extended. The insights gained from various simulation-based optimization experiments and their subsequent analysis help characterize the efficiency of the optimization problem formulation and parameterization, as well as optimization algorithm selection with respect to parallel computation capabilities for further development of the model and optimization framework.
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| 4. |
- Baer, Katharina, 1984-
(författare)
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Simulation-Based Optimization of a Series Hydraulic Hybrid Vehicle
- 2018
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Hybrid transmissions are characterized by their utilization of more than one form of energy storage. They have the potential to help reduce overall fuel consumption and vehicle emissions by providing the possibility of brake energy recuperation and prime mover operation management. Electric hybrids and electric vehicle drives are nowadays ubiquitous, and mechanical energy storage in flywheel has been investigated in the past. The use of fluid power technology with a combustion engine has also been investigated since the late 1970s, and is frequently revisited.Hydraulic hybridization is especially attractive for heavy vehicles with frequent braking and acceleration which benefit most from fluid power components’ high power density, typically busses, delivery or refuse vehicles, and vehicles with existing hydraulic circuits and transmissions, such as forest and construction machinery, but have been considered for smaller vehicles as well.Due to the characteristic discharge profile of hydraulic energy storage, special attention needs to be paid to control aspects in the design process to guarantee drivability of the vehicle. In this respect, simulation models can be of use in early design process stages for cheaper and faster evaluation of concepts and designs than physical experiments and prototyping, and to generate better understanding of the system studied. Engineering optimization aids in the systematic exploration of a given design space, to determine limits and potentials, evaluate trade-offs and potentially find unexpected solutions. In the optimization of a hydraulic hybrid transmission, the integration of component and controller design is of importance, and different strategies (sequential, iterative, bi-level and simultaneous approaches) are conceivable, with varying consequences for the implementation.This thesis establishes a simulation-based optimization framework for a hydraulic hybrid transmission with series architecture. Component and control parameter optimization are addressed simultaneously, using a rule-based supervisory control strategy. The forward-facing dynamic simulation model at the centre of the framework is built in Hopsan, a multi-disciplinary open-source tool developed at Linköping University. The optimization is set up and conducted for an example application of an on-road light-duty truck over standard drive cycles. Both results from these experiments as well as the framework itself are studied and evaluated. Relevant design aspects, such as explicit design relations to be considered and performance requirements for more robust design, are identified and addressed, and the optimization problem is analysed with regard to algorithm performance and problem formulation. The final result is an optimization framework that can be adjusted for further in-depth studies, for example through the inclusion of additional components or optimization objectives, and extendable for comparative analysis of different topologies, applications and problem formulations.
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| 5. |
- Braun, Robert, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
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Hopsan: An Open-Source Tool for Rapid Modelling and Simulation of Fluid and Mechatronic Systems
- 2020
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Ingår i: <em>Proceedings of the BATH/ASME 2020 Symposium on Fluid Power and Motion Control</em>. - 9780791883754
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hopsan is an open-source simulation package developed as a collaboration project between industry and academia. The simulation methodology is based on transmission line modelling, which provides several benefits such as linear model scalability, numerical robustness and parallel simulation. All sub-models are pre-compiled, so that no compilation is required prior to starting a simulation. Default component libraries are available for hydraulic, mechanic, pneumatic, electric and signal domains. Custom components can be written in C++ or generated from Modelica and Mathematica. Support for simulation-based optimization is provided using population-based, evolutionary or direct-search algorithms. Recent research has largely focused on co-simulation with other simulation tools. This is achieved either by using the Functional Mock-up Interface standard, or by tool-to-tool communications. This paper provides a description of the program and its features, the current status of the project, and an overview of recent and ongoing use cases from industry and academia.
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| 6. |
- Ericson, Liselott, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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An Electric Hydraulic Hybrid Light Vehicle with Energy Recovery
- 2011
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Ingår i: 52nd National Conference on Fluid Power. - Las. - 0942220498 ; , s. 741-749
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A three wheeled electric hydraulic hybrid vehicle with tiltingbody was built and tested at Linköping University as a partof a student project. The goal of the student project wasto design and fabricate an environmentally friendly vehicleto enter the Formula ATA Electric & Hybrid Italy 2009 competition.The design of the vehicle was based on the rulesand requirements of the competition. The vehicle was alsoprepared for a hydraulic recovery system which was laterimplemented on the vehicle. Hydraulic motor/pump unitsare used to brake and recover energy and to provide additionalboost during acceleration. The energy recovery storageis hydraulic gas accumulators, while the primary propulsionsystem is electrical with Li-Fe batteries. Gas accumulatorshave very high power density superior to electricalbatteries.In this paper, the design of the hydraulic recovery system isdescribed along with simulation and experimental results.The concept shows high potential and the tests show a20 % recovery of the kinetic energy by the hydraulic systemfor a given cycle.
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| 7. |
- Ericson, Liselott, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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En effektiv metod för att reducera flödespulsationer från variabla hydraulmaskiner
- 2007
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Ingår i: Hydraulikdagar 07,2007. - Linköping : Linköpings universitet.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Den här presentationen behandlar en metod som effektivt reducerar flödespulsationer i variabla hydraulmaskiner, genom att förskjuta dödpunktens läge. Det realiseras genom att införa en fast inklinationsvinkel vinkelrätt mot den normala deplacementsvinkeln. Genom att förskjutningsvinkeln ändrar kolvarnas dödpunkt kommer förkompressionen och efterexpansionen att variera när deplacementet ändras. Tidigare arbeten visar, både teoretiskt och experimentellt, fördelarna med förskjutningsvinkeln för pumpar men inga utförligare utredningar för maskiner som arbetar både som motor och pump.
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| 8. |
- Ericson, Liselott, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Experimental Investigation of a Displacement-controlled Hydrostatic Pump/Motorby Means of Rotating Valve Plate
- 2017
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Ingår i: Proceedings of 15:th Scandinavian International Conference on Fluid Power, June 7-9, 2017, Linköping, Sweden. - Linköping : Linköping University Electronic Press. - 9789176853696 ; , s. 19-27
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Interest in the control of variable fluid power pumps/motors has increased in recent years.The actuators used are inefficient and expensive and this reduces the variable units’ usability.This paper introduces displacement control of pumps/motors by means of a rotating valveplate. By changing the angle of the valve plate, the effective use of the stroke is changed. Therotating valve plate is experimentally verified by a modified in-line pump. In the prototype,the valve plate is controlled with a worm gear connected to an electric motor. The resultsshow potential for this kind of displacement control. However, the rotating valve plate createspressure pulsations at part-displacement due to the commutation being performed at highpiston speeds. If the piston speed and hence the flow from each piston is low, the pressurepulsation is acceptable.
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| 9. |
- Ericson, Liselott, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Flow pulsation reduction for variable displacement motors using cross-angle
- 2007
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Ingår i: Power Transmission and Motion Control (PTMC 2007). - Essex : Hadleys Ltd. - 9780861971404 ; , s. 103-116
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper considers using the cross-angle in variable displacement hydraulic machines. The cross-angle is a fixed displacement angle around the axis perpendicular to the normal displacement direction. The cross-angle changes the angles to the pistons top and bottom dead centres as a function of the fraction of displacement in such a way that the valve plate timing is varied and different pre-compression and decompression angles are obtained. A non-gradient optimisation technique, the Complex method, is used together with a comprehensive simulation model in order to find the optimal cross-angle for a variable displacement hydraulic motor. The paper shows that the cross-angle can be used to reduce noise in variable displacement motors. One issue that makes the motor application more difficult is the increased dependence between outlet and inlet flow ripple which is not found in pump applications. Furthermore, the paper discusses how to use the cross-angle for machines which can work both as a motor and a pump.
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| 10. |
- Ericson, Liselott, 1976-
(författare)
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Flow Pulsations in Fluid Power Machines - a Measurement and Simulation Study
- 2008
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Stricter requirements for better working environment involve noise and vibration control of hydraulic machines. The operational conditions for hydraulic machines, such as pressure and rotational speed, are also increasing and this makes it even more difficult to develop a quiet, vibration-free machine due to the interdependence between noise and escalating operational conditions. The thesis investigates machines working in different driving modes and under different operational conditions.A so-called cross-angle is proposed for motor as well as pump/motor applications with variable displacement angles. The cross-angle is intended to reduce the overall noise level in the machine's working area. Other noise reduction features are also considered for machines working in different modes.To facilitate the system integrator's ability to design quiet systems, methods to determine the source flow and source impedance of the machine are essential. The source flow is assumed to be created at the valve plate and the internal impedance related to the high pressure port are completely independent of the rest of the system. Knowledge of these properties makes it possible to foresee the noise properties of a system already on the design phase. A novel source flow measurement method, the source admittance method, is investigated here. The method is considered to be robust and easy to use to suit industry requirements.
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