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- Brännlund, Isabelle, 1982-
(författare)
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Histories of reindeer husbandry resilience : land use and social networks of reindeer husbandry in Swedish Sápmi 1740-1920
- 2015
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Against a background of ongoing and predicted climatic and environmental change facing humans on a global level, this thesis combines historical perspectives with theories of social resilience in a study of reindeer husbandry in Swedish Sápmi, from the late 18th century to the early 20th century. The thesis includes four individual studies that examine the topic from different angles, connected together by reoccurring elements of social resilience. The first paper analyses the adaptive capacity of reindeer husbandry communities in the northernmost part of Swedish Sápmi during the 19th to early 20th century, using materials from the Sami bailiffs’ archives, governors’ reports and documentation from official committees. The second paper is based on similar materials and explores livelihood diversity of reindeer husbandry in southern and northern regions of Swedish Sápmi from 1860 to 1920. The third paper examines the social networks of reindeer husbandry and includes an analysis on how these are represented in demographic sources at the turn of the 20th century. The fourth and final paper examines taxation lands as objects of place-attachment in a south Sami reindeer husbandry context from 1740 to 1870.The thesis demonstrates that communities and families practiced highly flexible herding in terms of what pasture area they used, when and how they used it and with whom. In order to maintain this flexibility, communities needed authority to manage their own livelihoods and a diverse and interconnected landscape. The results further show that reindeer husbandry was a dynamic and diverse livelihood, well into the 20th century. Fishing, hunting, trapping or farming was part of many reindeer herding families’ livelihoods. By tethering aspects of diversity to norms and ideals within the communities included in the study, I argue that farming can be understood as both an enforced adaptation and as an adaptive capacity depending on the ideals within the community in question.The thesis supports the notions that reindeer husbandry since long has faced many challenges, including: border closings; competing land uses; disturbance from settlers; enforced regulations and laws concerning reindeer husbandry; and restrictions of livelihood diversity. Furthermore, these challenges were not only sources of disturbances in their own right, but they also restricted the adaptive capacity of reindeer herding communities.
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- Dahlgren, Johanna, 1972-
(författare)
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Kvinnor i polistjänst : Föreningen Kamraterna, Svenska polisförbundet och kvinnors inträde i polisyrket
- 2007
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this thesis was to study the strategies that Kamraterna (‘the Comrades’), an association for Stockholm’s policemen, and the Swedish Policemen’s Union employed in order to solve the issue of women in police service in the years 1957-1971. I have dealt with the attitudes they had to women in police service and the conceptions of gender that were expressed. The trade unions’ way of trying to solve the issue of women’s service and position in the organisation and Kamraterna’s actions vis-à-vis their female members have also been in focus. Finally, I have also studied the way in which the police profession was made masculine and feminine and how this could be used as a part of the strategies. Women’s entrance into the police profession on the same terms as men created and made visible the gender structures in the police force. The male police officers saw their rights threatened, if the female labour could be judged differently and hence be promoted more rapidly. This conflict made conceptions of male and female qualities visible, and above all in Kamraterna, a struggle was started to maintain male police officers’ privileges and rights. The unions emphasised that women would have to be employed on equal terms and that equal pay must imply equal work. Women were however considered to be best suited for social police work and work with women and children, while men were chiefly associated with the parts of the profession involving physical strength and violence. It was difficult to implement the principle of equal terms in practice, since there was a basic idea that women were different. Both Kamraterna and the Swedish Policemen’s Union used dual closure in order to solve this dilemma. Kamraterna’s usurpation was intended to influence the police commissioner and to unite the members, including the women, thereby creating a collective unity about the issue of the female police officers’ posts and work. They tried to remove the women from foot patrol work by having them relocated to other departments with civil duties. In this way they endeavoured to keep the patrol work as an exclusively male area by resorting to exclusion. When the National Police Board started experimental work in 1969 with female police officers being stationed in special units with civil duties, the Swedish Policemen’s Union supported this effort and tried to see to it that the instructions were followed. The Policemen’s Union thus employed exclusion. Excluding women from parts of the profession meant that the unions used a demarcationary strategy resulting in a gendered division of labour being created rather than the women being entirely excluded from the police profession. The patrol work was the part of the police profession that women ought not to have access to, and this was linked to masculine qualities and symbolism. Words like physical strength, strenuous service and violence were related to the patrol work. The uniforms and weapons underscored the masculine connotations of the patrol work. A hegemonic masculinity was created here, which could be used as a means for excluding female police officers. The women’s uniforms looked different and their weapons were not the same, which should have made it more difficult for them to be regarded as real police officers.
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- Edgren, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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Craftsmen and political consciousness in Sweden 1850—1900
- 2004
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Ingår i: The Scandinavian Middle Classes 1840—1940. - 8274771362
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A discusson of organised craftsmen and their political orientations in the second half of the nineteenth century. The essay uses a comparative perspective.
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- Engberg, Elisabeth, 1961-
(författare)
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I fattiga omständigheter : Fattigvårdens former och understödstagare i Skellefteå socken under 1800-talet
- 2005
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this thesis is to shed light upon the Swedish nineteenth century poor relief system, how it operated in a local rural context, how it changed over time, and not least, who was supported and why. It raises questions about how the poor laws were interpreted on the parish level, how the welfare systems interacted with local society and about who was considered to be poor and entitled to support. The geographical setting of the thesis is Skellefteå, a rural parish in northern Sweden, and it concentrates upon the period 1830–1875.Swedish poor relief was governed by the fundamental principle that each parish had a duty to support their own poor and each parish was allowed a large amount of freedom to adjust their welfare arrangements according to local conditions. In Skellefteå, the main incentive for modification of the poor relief system was not new regulations from the national level, but social and economic transformations on the local level. This implies that local requirements were put before national legislation and suggests the existence of several regional, and perhaps also local, poor relief systems in nineteenth-century Sweden.On the local level, the results indicate the existence of a parochial social citizenship based upon a common understanding of social rights and duties in the community, and grounded in a strong sense of affiliation with the local society. Generally there was a larger distance between the poor and their providers in the wealthier and more socially stratified villages, hence a more egalitarian context seem to have facilitated identification and empathy with the poor. The local provision for the poor created and maintained bonds within a community, as well as it helped to build and reinforce boundaries towards those who did not belong. A sometimes suspicious and negative attitude towards outsiders was to some extent caused by a fear of increased poor relief expenses, but it also bears witness to a rural culture with a strong sense of belonging to one’s own village or hamlet.The majority of men and women supported by poor relief in Skellefteå belonged to the lower strata of society long before they became welfare recipients. They were landless rural people with weak kinship networks, that in most cases were unable to mobilize any significant support in times of need. Childhood, early middle age, and old age were identified as phases in the life cycle that seem to have entailed an increased risk of poverty and dependence. A substantial proportion of the poor were breadwinners, middle aged men with large households to support, while the widowed and unmarried paupers usually were women. For many of these households the life cycles’ vulnerable periods were further reinforced by other factors: a breadwinner’s illness or disability, the death of a spouse, a major subsistence crisis, or a larger marginalization caused by a deviation from society’s moral standards. In most cases there seems to have been a delicate interplay between several social risks that determined if and when a person or a household was to end up being supported by poor relief.
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- Ericsson, Tom
(författare)
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De vedartade växternas anatomi
- 2009
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Ingår i: Fakta. Trädgård / fritid. - 1102-1969.
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Annan publikation (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 10. |
- Ericsson, Tom, et al.
(författare)
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Demand-driven fertilization. Part I: Nitrogen productivity in four high-maintenance turf grass species
- 2012
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Ingår i: Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Soil and Plant Science. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0906-4710 .- 1651-1913. ; 62, s. 113-121
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effect of four nitrogen (N) availabilities on growth, leaf N concentration, N productivity (dry matter production per unit time and unit N taken up), shoot: root ratio and carbohydrate storage was studied in velvet bentgrass (Agrostis canina 'Legendary'), creeping bentgrass (A. stolonifera 'Independence'), slender creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra ssp. trichophylla 'Cezanne') and chewings fescue (F. rubra ssp. commutata 'Center'). In growth chamber experiments, plants were grown for 3 weeks in sand with 12.5, 25, 50 or 200 mg N L-1 in the irrigation water and at two mowing intensities, cut at 5 mm twice per week or uncut. It proved possible to control important turf grass traits such as shoot growth rate, shoot: root ratio, leaf morphology and carbohydrate storage through leaf N concentration. The relationship between leaf N concentration and aboveground growth was linear for both cut and uncut turf. The relative N demand of the studied species, based on their N productivity, was 1: 0.67: 0.67: 0.37 for creeping bentgrass, velvet bentgrass, chewings fescue and slender creeping red fescue, respectively. Clipping significantly reduced N productivity, and hence turf N demand. The lowest possible leaf N concentration without adverse effects on plant health and appearance was between 3.1 and 3.5% of dry matter (DM) in both bentgrasses and fescues. This value can be used as a target in minimizing fertilizer usage and N leaching losses. In conclusion, fertilization based on the influence of leaf N concentration on growth-related processes offers possibilities to control growth in a predictable and desirable manner under varying climate and growth conditions. This could provide more environmentally friendly and economic fertilization regimes and also better playing quality.
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