| 1. |
- Malinovschi, Andrei, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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Consequences of Using Post- or Prebronchodilator Reference Values in Interpreting Spirometry
- 2023
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Ingår i: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. - : American Thoracic Society. - 1073-449X .- 1535-4970. ; 208:4, s. 461-471
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- RATIONALE: Post-bronchodilator (BD) spirometry is used for diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, pre-BD reference values are used for spirometry interpretation.OBJECTIVES: To compare the resulting prevalence rates of abnormal spirometry and study the consequences of using pre- or post-BD reference values generated within the Swedish CArdioPulmonary bioImage Study (SCAPIS) when interpreting post-BD spirometry in a general population.METHODS: SCAPIS reference values for post-BD and pre-BD spirometry were based on 10,156 and 1,498 never-smoking, healthy participants, respectively. We studied the associations of abnormal spirometry, defined by using pre- or post-BD reference values, with respiratory burden in the SCAPIS general population (28,851 individuals).MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Bronchodilation resulted in higher predicted median and lower limit of normal (LLN) for FEV1/FVC ratio. The prevalence of post-BD FEV1/FVC < pre-bronchodilator LLN was 4.8% and that of post-BD FEV1/FVC < post-bronchodilator LLN was 9.9% for the general population. An additional 5.1% was identified as having an abnormal post-BD FEV1/FVC ratio and this group had more respiratory symptoms, emphysema (13.5% vs. 4.1%, p<0.001) and self-reported physician-diagnosed COPD (2.8% vs. 0.5%, p<0.001) than subjects with post-BD FEV1/FVC ratio > LLN for both pre- and post-bronchodilation).CONCLUSIONS: Pre- and post-bronchodilator spirometry reference values differ with regard to FEV1/FVC ratio. Use of post-bronchodilator reference values doubled the population prevalence of airflow obstruction; this was related to a higher respiratory burden. Using post-bronchodilator reference values when interpreting post-bronchodilator spirometry might enable identification of individuals with mild disease and be clinically relevant.
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| 2. |
- Öhman, Lisa, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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A comparison of three types of interviews on their effect on earwitness memory
- 2011
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Ingår i: The 8th meeting of the Nordic Network for reserach on Psychology and Law, in Oslo, Norway, 16-17 sept 2011.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In some criminal cases the victim’s or witness’s memory of the perpetrator’s voice may be an important clue and therefore have a vital role in both the investigative phase and in court. Though, research has shown that witnesses are not particularly good at recognizing an unfamiliar voice heard under realistic circumstances. Another important aspect of an earwitness testimony is the memory of the content of what the perpetrator said. The present study aimed to try to enhance the participants’ memory in a naturalistic way by interviewing them shortly after the witnessing situation. Three different types of interviews were compared; an evaluation of a Check-List that the Swedish Security Service has developed for questioning people that has only heard the perpetrator speak; a Cognitive Interview, and a Control Interview (no questions about the voice). Both 11-13-year-olds (119) and adults (93) were exposed to an unfamiliar voice for 40 seconds and thereafter assigned randomly to one of the interviews. Two weeks later they were confronted with a seven voice line-up. No significant difference for correct identifications was found between the three interview conditions. The adults recalled significantly more correct information, compared to the children. Further, the adults in the Cognitive Interview condition recalled significantly more correct information, compared to the adults in the other two conditions. The results suggest that the Cognitive Interview has no positive effect on voice identification, but for adults helps to elicit more correct information about what was said in a criminal conversation.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Öhman, Lisa, et al.
(författare)
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Angry Voices from the Past and Present : Effects on Adults' and Children's Earwitness Memory
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1544-4759 .- 1544-4767. ; 10:1, s. 57-70
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The major aim was to examine the effect of the perpetrator’s tone of voice and time delay on voice recognition. In addition, the effect of two types of voice description interviews intended to strengthen voice encoding was tested. Both 11- to 13-year-olds (n = 160) and adults (n = 148) heard an unfamiliar voice for 40 s. The perpetrator either spoke in a normal tone at encoding and in the lineup (congruent), or in an angry tone at encoding and a normal tone in the lineup (incongruent). Witnesses were then interviewed about the voice with global questions or by rating voice characteristics. Half of the witnesses were presented with a lineup shortly after the interview (immediate) and the others after 2 weeks (delayed). Children tested immediately made significantly more correct identifications. This was not the case for adults. (In)congruency between tone of voice and interview type did not significantly affect voice recognition. Witnesses in the congruent–immediate condition performed the best. However, only 25% of the children and 19% of the adults made correct identifications. Poor identification accuracy and the fact that the majority of witnesses believed they would recognise the voice later are reasons for treating voice identification evidence with great caution.
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| 5. |
- Öhman, Lisa, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Earwitness identification accuracy in children vs. adults.
- 2008
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Ingår i: The 5th meeting of the NNPL, Copenhagen (Denmark) October 10-11, 2008.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Earwitness performance has been studied before but not nearly to the extent that eyewitness performance has. This is particularly true for child witnesses. To gain a better understanding of earwitness performance we have designed a study in which children aged 7-8 and 11-12 and adults will serve as informants. A total of 240 participants, will be equally distributed between the three age groups, and exposed to an unfamiliar voice (the planning of a crime). After two weeks, the witnesses will be asked to identify the target-voice in a line-up (7 voices). Half of the witnesses will be exposed to a target-present line-up (TP), and the other half to a target-absent line-up (TA). We expect the number of false identifications to be higher for children, especially in the TA-line up. We will also analyze the relation between accuracy and confidence, and to what extent memory for content can predict identification accuracy
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| 6. |
- Öhman, Lisa, et al.
(författare)
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Enhancing Adults' and Children’s Earwitness Memory : Examining Three Types of Interviews
- 2013
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Ingår i: Psychiatry, Psychology and Law. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1321-8719 .- 1934-1687. ; 20:2, s. 216-229
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the study was to find ways to enhance earwitnesses’ memory for voices and content. Another aim was to evaluate an interview protocol used by the Swedish Security Service. Three different types of interviews were compared; the Cognitive Interview, the Swedish Security Service checklist, and a baseline interview. Both 11–13-year-olds (n = 119) and adults (n = 93) were exposed to an unfamiliar voice for 40 seconds and thereafter interviewed. Two weeks later, they were confronted with a seven voice line-up. The overall accuracy for correct identifications was 19.8%. No significant difference was found between the interview conditions. As for content, the results suggest that for adults, the Cognitive Interview may be beneficial for recall of a brief conversation. The checklist used by the Swedish Security Service did not have a positive effect on voice recognition, content recall or for descriptions of voices.
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| 7. |
- Öhman, Lisa, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Overhearing the planning of a crime: Do adults outperform children as earwitnesses?
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0882-0783 .- 1936-6469. ; 26:2, s. 118-127
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study examined the reliability of earwitnesses using an ecologically realistic experimental set-up. A total of 282 participants, distributed over three age-groups (7–9 vs. 11–13 year olds vs. adults), were exposed to an unfamiliar voice for 40 seconds. After a two week delay, they were presented with a 7-voice lineup. Half of the participants were exposed to a target-present lineup (TP), and the other half to a target-absent lineup (TA). For both types of lineups the participants performed poorly. In the TP-condition only the 11–13-year olds (with 27% correct identifications) performed above chance level. Furthermore, in the TA-condition all age-groups showed a high willingness to make an identification (overall mean=53%). For both groups of children, voice identification co-varied significantly with speaking rate and pitch level, as did pitch variation for the youngest children. Neither factor correlated significantly with the adults’ identifications.
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| 8. |
- Öhman, Lisa, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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The effect of the presentation format for earwitness identification accuracy
- 2009
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Ingår i: The 19th conference of the European Association of Psychology and Law, Sorrento (Italy) September 2-5, 2009.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many situations where earwitness testimony would be of interest involve voices heard over a mobile phone – threats, black mail, obscene calls, fraud. Mobile phone sound quality is rather poor due to technical compromises in order to reduce transmission bandwidth. This introduces a noticeable degradation of sound quality. It is reasonable to assume that the resulting information loss will reduce voice recognition reliability. To gain better understanding of the effect of sound quality degradation on earwitness reliability, we have designed a study in which a total of 160 adults will serve as informants. The participants will be exposed to an unfamiliar voice talking about the planning of a crime. Half of the participants will hear a directly recorded voice and the other half a voice that has been recorded via a mobile phone. After two weeks, the witnesses will be asked to identify the target-voice in a 7-voice line-up. It has been suggested that if the voice is originally heard over a phone, the line-up should be performed using telephone recorded voices. There is, however, little scientific evidence to support this suggestion. In order to provide more data on the possible effect of line-up sound quality half of the participants will be tested using a telephone quality line-up and the other half will hear directly recorded voices. This way we will be able to study both the effect of sound quality of the originally heard voice on memory and recall and the effect of sound quality on recognition in a line-up.
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| 9. |
- Öman, Lisa, et al.
(författare)
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Mobile phone quality vs. direct quality : How the presentation format affects earwitness identification accuracy
- 2010
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Ingår i: The European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context. - : Sociedad Española de Psicología Jurídica y Forense. - 1889-1861 .- 1989-4007. ; 2:2, s. 161-182
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study aimed to gain insight into the effect of mobile phone quality on voice identification using an ecologically realistic design. A total of 165 participants were exposed to an unfamiliar voice, either directly recorded or mobile phone recorded, for 40 seconds. After a two week delay, they were asked to identify the target-voice in a 7 voice target-present line-up. We used a between- subjects design, where half of the subjects were exposed to a directly recorded line-up, and the other half to a mobile phone recorded line-up. Data analysis did not show any significant effect of presentation format or line-up format. These results suggest that the detrimental effect on voice recognition suggested by the poorer sound quality of mobile phone recordings is minimal. They also indicate that there is no benefit from conducting a mobile phone recorded line-up, if the voice is originally heard over a mobile phone. More research is needed, however, before definitive conclusions may be drawn. The overall accuracy for correct identifications was 12.7% which is expected by chance. Further, one particular foil attracted 54% of all false identifications. Future research should focus on explaining why earwitnesses perform so poorly and develop methods to improve identification accuracy.
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| 10. |
- Aasa, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Collecting dialect data and making use of them an interim report from Swedia 2000
- 2000
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Ingår i: Proceedings FONETIK 2000. ; , s. 17-20
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper consists of two, somewhat disparate parts. In the first part, some experiences of two years of fieldwork are summarized, concentrating, as the subtitle suggests, on the very heart of phonetic fieldwork: the encounters and interviews with the informants. As a result of the fieldwork, the project now has access to recordings from approximately 1300 speakers of more than 100 dialects of Swedish. We are currently initiating research on various aspects of the sound patterns of these dialects. The second part of the paper is meant to give an overview of some of our research plans for the near future.
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