| 1. |
- Ali, Sharafat, Associate Professor, 1976-, et al.
(author)
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A novel approach for processing CaAlSiON glass-ceramics by spark plasma sintering : Mechanical and electrical properties
- 2022
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In: Journal of the European Ceramic Society. - : Elsevier. - 0955-2219 .- 1873-619X. ; 42:1, s. 96-104
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Lithium containing glassy materials can be used as solid electrolytes or electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries due to their high energy density. Conventional melt-quenched Ca11Al14Si16O49N10 glass powder containing 24 e/o N, doped with Li-ions (1, 3, and 6 wt. %) and sintered by spark plasma sintering technique (SPS) was studied. The benefits of using SPS to produce glass-ceramics are rapid heating rates compared to conventional consolidation techniques and tuning of properties, adjusting the temperature, holding time (closed to Tg temperature), heating rate (solidification), and pressure (densification) profile during the heat treatment using SPS. Pure glass and glass-ceramic were obtained under identical SPS conditions and compared with pristine oxynitride and soda-lime-silicate (float) glasses. XRD and SEM analysis confirmed that increasing the amount of Li increases the crystallinity in the glass matrix. Nano-indentation analysis showed a decreased hardness and reduced elastic modulus values with the addition of Li-ions. The direct current conductivity increases with the addition of Li due to the high mobility of Li-ions. However, the float glass sample doped with 6 wt.% of Li exhibits even higher values of D.C. conductivity, than the analogously doped Ca11Al14Si16O49N10 glass. The magnitude of activation energy (more than 1 eV) is typical for an ion hopping mechanism and the D.C. conduction mechanism is dominated by Li+ hopping.
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| 2. |
- Drobni, Mirva, et al.
(author)
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Multivariate design and evaluation of a set of RGRPQ-derived innate immunity peptides
- 2006
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In: Journal of Biological Chemistry. - 0021-9258 .- 1083-351X. ; 281:22, s. 15164-15171
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Oral commensal Streptococcus gordonii proteolytically cleave the salivary PRP-1 polypeptide into an RGRPQ innate peptide. The Arg and Gln termini are crucial for RGRPQ-mediated ammonia production and proliferation by S. gordonii SK12 and adhesion inhibition and desorption by Actinomyces naeslundii T14V, respectively. Here we have applied (i) a multivariate approach using RGRPQ-related peptides varied at amino acids 2, 3, and 4 simultaneously and (ii) size and N- and C-terminal modifications of RGRPQ to generate structure activity information. While the N-terminal arginine motif mediated ammonia production independent of peptide size, other responses required more or less full-length peptide motifs. The motifs for adhesion inhibition and desorption were the same. The adhesion and proliferation motifs required similarly a hydrophobic/low polarity amino acid 4 but differentially a hydrophilic or hydrophobic character of amino acids 2/3, respectively; polar peptides with small/hydrophilic and hydrophilic amino acids 2 and 3, respectively, had high adhesion inhibition/desorption activity, and lipophilic peptides with large/hydrophobic amino acids 2 and 3 had high proliferation activity. Accordingly, while RIWWQ had increased proliferation but abolished adhesion/desorption activity, peptides designed with hydrophilic amino acids 2 and 3 were predicted to behave in the opposite way. Moreover, a RGRPQ mimetic for all three responses should mimic small hydrophilic, large nitrogen-containing, and hydrophobic/low polarity amino acids 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Peptides fulfilling these criteria were 1-1.6-fold improved in all three responses. Thus, both mimetics and peptides with differential proliferation and adhesion activities may be generated for evaluation in biofilm models.
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| 3. |
- Edin, Emil, et al.
(author)
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Rapid method for comparative studies on stress relief heat treatment of additively manufactured 316L
- 2022
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In: Materials Science & Engineering. - : Elsevier. - 0921-5093 .- 1873-4936. ; 847
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The additive manufacturing method laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) is known to introduce large residual stresses in the built component. Optimization of process parameters and subsequent heat treatment is crucial to relieve these residual stresses. However, many of the available tools used to analyze these residual stresses are either prohibitively expensive, or too time consuming for initial prototyping stages.A qualitative method for rapid evaluation of the effectiveness of stress relief heat treatment of L-PBF manufactured 316L has been tested. Residual stress induced distortion has been measured with contact and non-contact methods to study the effect of different stress relief heat treatment temperatures (600 – 950 °C, fixed holding time: 1 h). Over the examined temperature interval, at which deformation was measured, distinct differences were observable at each temperature with both methods. Based on the distortion, shape stability was considered reached after subjecting the test geometry to a heat treatment temperature of 900 °C for 1 hour. Complementary mechanical testing and microstructural characterization were carried out to provide a more general understanding of the implications of each heat treatment temperature. Microstructural characterization revealed that complete dissolution of the cellular sub-grain features occurred at the same temperature as where the minimum magnitude of distortion was obtained.
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| 4. |
- Eriksson, Mirva, et al.
(author)
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Effect of grain size on ferroelectric domain and electrical properties of submicron sized sodium potassium niobate ceramics
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Other publication (pop. science, debate, etc.)abstract
- Piezoelectric ceramics of the composition Na0.5K0.5NbO3 (NKN) with grain sizes in the range of 0.2 - 1 mm were fabricated by Spark Plasma Sintering using normal pressure dies and a high pressure cell designed for pressures up to 500 MPa with the purpose of investigating the effect of grain size on domain structures and electrical properties. Optimized processing conditions enabled ceramics of high densities (>99.5%TD) to be made at T≥850°C. It was found that domain size decreases with decreasing grain size and that non-180° ferroelectric domains walls were still visible in 200 nm sized grains. The room temperature dielectric constant firstly increased with decreasing grain size and then decreased in the low grain size regime. The materials with finer grain size displayed a broad ferro-paraelectric phase transition and a depression of the dielectric maximum at the Curie point. They also displayed an increase in the coercive field and approximately unchanged remnant polarization. The material sintered at 850°C represents a very good candidate for lead-free piezoelectric applications, because of its high piezoelectric constant (d33 = 160±2 pC/N).
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| 5. |
- Eriksson, Mirva, et al.
(author)
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Fast densification and deformation of titanium powder
- 2005
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In: Powder Metallurgy. - : Maney Publishing. - 0032-5899. ; 48:3, s. 231-236
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A coarse titanium powder containing 0.2 wt-% oxygen with an average particle size of 45 micrometers was rapidly densified using the spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique. The fully consolidated specimens were also deformed in compression in the SPS unit and in a conventional hot pressing (HP) furnace. The densification and deformation behaviours were investigated by microstructural observation and examining the shrinkage and shrinkage rate recorded in real time. The efforts were focused on clarifying to what extent the possible spark discharging and intensive Joule heating at the particle contact points contribute to the densification, and what effect if any the pulsed electrical heating has on the densification. The results showed that what contributed to the densification were neither spark discharging nor anisotropic heating, but the particle deformation. Deformation occurs throughout the entire particle both in SPS and HP conditions, with a higher strain rate under SPS condition especially in the a phase region.
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| 6. |
- Eriksson, Mirva, et al.
(author)
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Ferroelectric Domain Structures and Electrical Properties of Fine-Grained Lead-Free Sodium Potassium Niobate Ceramics
- 2011
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In: Journal of The American Ceramic Society. - : Wiley. - 0002-7820 .- 1551-2916. ; 94:10, s. 3391-3396
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Piezoelectric ceramics of the composition Na(0.5)K(0.5)NbO(3) (NKN) with grain sizes in the range of 0.2-1 mu m were fabricated by spark plasma sintering. Ferroelectric domain size decreases with decreasing grain size and non-180 degrees ferroelectric domains walls were still visible in 200 nm sized grains. The Curie point of the ceramics was grain size independent. This suggests that the critical grain size for a single domain single grain structure for NKN is <200 nm. Optimized processing conditions enabled ceramics of high densities (>99.5% theoretical density) to be made at T >= 850 degrees C. For the dense ceramics (grain size >= 350 nm), the room temperature dielectric constant and coercive field increased with decreasing grain size. The remnant polarization was grain size independent. The material sintered at 850 degrees C is a very good candidate for lead-free piezoelectric applications because of its high piezoelectric constant (d(33) = 160 +/- 2 pC/N).
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| 7. |
- Eriksson, Mirva, et al.
(author)
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Low temperature consolidated lead-free ferroelectric niobateceramics with improved electrical properties
- 2010
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In: Journal of Materials Research. - : Elsevier. - 0884-2914 .- 2044-5326. ; 25:2, s. 240-247
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- There is a concerted effort to develop lead-free piezoelectric ceramics. ((Na0.5K0.5)NbO3 based ceramics have good electrical properties, and are a potential replacement material for lead zirconate titanate piezoelectric ceramics. In this work a commercial powder based on (Na0.5K0.5)NbO3 with an initial particle size of 260 nm was consolidated by plasma sintering (SPS). To avoid volatilization, high mechanical pressures were used to minimize the densification temperature. It was found that under a uniaxial pressure of 100 MPa, fully densified compacts can be prepared at 850. Ceramics densified at such a low temperature demonstrate an unusually high remanent polarization (30 mC/cm2) and high d33 (146 pC/N). The improved ferroelectric properties are ascribed to the homogeneous, dense, and submicron grained microstructure achieved.
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| 8. |
- Eriksson, Mirva
(author)
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Spark plasma sintering and deformation behaviour of Titanium and Titanium/TiB2Spark plasma sintering and deformation behaviour of Titanium and Titanium/TiB2 composites
- 2007
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Licentiate thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Titanium has been used as a model substance to study how it behaves in a SPS apparatus when heating rate and/or pressure were varied during the sintering and deformation process. The sintering and deformation of Ti in SPS were compared with that occurring in the conventional hot pressing (HP) in order to reveal if there are any positive effects added by the use of SPS. The ductility of Ti was explored in order to understand the sintering and deformation of (Ti) x (TiB2)1-x composites with x = 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2, respectively, expressed in mol ratio. The temperature difference (DT) between the monitored and the temperature that the samples are exposed to was evaluated. It was noticed that Ti can be sintered at relatively low temperatures. High heating rate implied that the onset temperatures of the sintering and deformation processes decreased. Increasing pressure did not affect the onset temperature but revealed that the deformation of Ti is different if the experiments are conducted within the stability region of the a -phase region of Ti or if the deformation takes place in a temperature region that covers both a-and b-phase areas, i. e. the use of high pressures implied a one step deformation process while the use of low implied that the main part of the deformation took place in the b-phase region. (Ti) x (TiB2)1-x composites were prepared to full densities at 1500 °C using a holding time of 3 min and pressure of 50 MPa. During the SPS sintering the composite with x= 0.2 revealed the presence of TiB due to the reaction Ti + TiB 2 -> 2TiB while the composites with low x values did not show any formation of TiB. The formation of TiB impaired the mechanical properties. The deformation of composites was very difficult. Their deformability increased with increasing x and temperature as well as pressure. During the deformations of pre-sintered samples TiB was formed in all of the composites.
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| 9. |
- Eriksson, Mirva, et al.
(author)
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Spark plasma sintering and deformation of Ti-TiB2 composites.
- 2008
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In: Materials Science & Engineering, A: Structural Materials: Properties, Microstructure and Processing. - : Elsevier. - 0921-5093. ; 1-2:A475, s. 101-104
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Spark plasma sintering (SPS) was used to investigate the densification and deformation behaviour of Ti–TiB2 composites. Fully densified samples were prepared with Ti addition larger than 5%. The prepared composites can be deformed under compression at 1700 °C to achieve a strain of 50% without cracking. At lower temperatures, cracks were initiated due to low ductility of TiB2 and low content of Ti. During the sintering and deformation, TiB is formed via a reaction between Ti and TiB2. To elucidate the formation mechanism of TiB in the SPS process, reactive sintering of TiB using element precursors was also performed. Fully dense samples were prepared but it was not possible to prepare pure uniphase TiB. The reactive sintering resulted in the formation of TiB and TiB2 mixtures at low temperatures and a mixture of TiB2 and Ti3B4 at high temperature
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| 10. |
- Eriksson, Mirva
(author)
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Spark Plasma Sintering Enhancing Grain Sliding, Deformation and Grain Size Control : Studies of the Systems Ti, Ti/TiB2, Na0.5 K0.5 NbO3, and Hydroxyapatite
- 2010
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The unique features of the Spark plasma sintering (SPS) were used to investigate the sintering and deformation behaviour of titanium and titanium–titanium diboride composites, and to control the sintering and grain growth of ferroelectric Na0.5K0.5NbO3 (NKN) and of hydroxyapatite (HAp). In the SPS the samples experience a temperature different from that recorded by the thermocouple (pyrometer) used and this temperature difference has been estimated for Ti and NKN. Sintering and deformation of titanium was investigated. Increasing heating rate and/or pressure shifted the sintering to lower temperatures, and the sintering and deformation rates changed when the α→β phase transition temperature was passed. Fully dense Ti/TiB2 composites were prepared. The Ti/TiB2 composites could be deformed at high temperatures, but the hardness decreased due to the formation of TiB. The kinetic windows within which it is possible to obtain fully dense NKN and HAp ceramics and simultaneously avoid grain growth are defined. Materials have a threshold temperature above which rapid and abnormal grain growth takes place. The abnormal grain growth of NKN is due to a small shift in the stoichiometry, which in turn impairs the ferroelectric properties. Fully transparent HAp nanoceramics was prepared, and between 900 and 1050 oC elongated grains are formed, while above 1050 oC abnormal grain growth takes place.NKN samples containing grains of the sizes 0.35–0.6 µm yielded optimum ferroelectric properties, i.e. a high remanent polarization (Pr = 30 µC/cm2) and high piezoelectric constant (d33= 160 pC/N). The ferroelectric domain structure was studied, and all grains exhibited a multi-domain type of structure.
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