| 1. |
- Euler, Luisa, et al.
(författare)
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A review of textile-based electrodes developed for electrostimulation
- 2021
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Ingår i: Textile research journal. - : SAGE Publications. - 0040-5175 .- 1746-7748.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Electrical stimulation can be used for the treatment of various nerve and muscle injuries as well as acute and chronic pain conditions. An electrical pulse is applied to a muscle or nerve to activate excitable tissue using internal or external electrodes with the aim of building muscle strength, artificially creating or supporting limb movement or reducing pain. Textile electrodes offer several advantages over conventionally used disposable surface electrodes: they are flexible and re-usable and they do not require hydrogels, thereby avoiding skin irritation and allergic reactions and enhancing user comfort. This article presents a literature review that assesses the state of research on textile electrode constructions. Based on the review, production approaches and designs are compared, methods for evaluating stimulation discomfort and pain are proposed and issues related to user compliance are discussed. The article concludes with suggestions for future work focused on investigating the impacts of textile-based electrode parameters on comfort, convenience and ease of use.
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| 2. |
- Euler, Luisa, et al.
(författare)
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Influence of the electrolyte concentration and amount on the performance of textile electrodes in electrostimulation: A systematic study
- 2024
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Ingår i: Sensors and Actuators A-Physical. - : Elsevier. - 0924-4247 .- 1873-3069. ; 366
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BackgroundTextile-based stimulation electrodes are a fast-growing research area. With their advantages including flexibility, reusability and the possibility for integration into garments, textile electrodes open up new possibilities that are not yet feasible today, e.g. various self-administrated treatments and rehabilitation based on neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) or transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS). So far, most research has shown that textile-based stimulation electrodes perform more reliable when wetted with an electrolyte. However, there is no systematic investigation about which type and amount of electrolyte to use.MethodsIn this study, double-layered textile electrodes have been produced by machine knitting with a size of 3 × 3 cm2. The electrodes were wetted stepwise with a liquid amount from 5 µL up to 320 µL; four levels of sodium chloride (NaCl) concentrations, i.e. 0.9%, 1.5%, 5% and 35%, plus pure deionized water as a reference liquid were chosen. The study analyzed the behavior of the skin-electrode impedance when changing the moisture content and NaCl concentration. In addition, equivalent circuits were modelled for deeper insights into the mechanisms causing an impedance change.ResultsResults showed that the impedance was greatly influenced by the liquid amount with amounts of 5 µL already significantly reducing the impedance compared to dry electrodes, caused by a substantial reduction in resistance. The reactance, on the other hand, was only partly influenced by the liquid amount showing a reduction upon higher liquid amounts only within a range of 5 – 40 µL. Further, a significant influence on the impedance by the presence of ions was found where the skin-electrode systems wetted with NaCl solution were showing generally lower impedances than systems wetted with deionized water. However, within this, no remarkable influence of the NaCl concentration could be observed. As the impedance was found to be very sensitive to the moisture content in the system, it is recommended to introduce standardizations for impedance testing of wet textile electrodes with precisely controlled electrolyte volumes and liquid migration properties to make independent studies of textile electrodes more comparable.
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| 3. |
- Euler, Luisa, et al.
(författare)
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Textile electrodes : Influence of knitting construction and pressure on the contact impedance
- 2021
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Ingår i: Sensors. - : MDPI. - 1424-8220. ; 21:5, s. 1-23
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Textile electrodes, also called textrodes, for biosignal monitoring as well as electrostimulation are central for the emerging research field of smart textiles. However, so far, only the general suitability of textrodes for those areas was investigated, while the influencing parameters on the contact impedance related to the electrode construction and external factors remain rather un-known. Therefore, in this work, six different knitted electrodes, applied both wet and dry, were compared regarding the influence of specific knitting construction parameters on the three-electrode contact impedance measured on a human forearm. Additionally, the influence of applying pressure was investigated in a two-electrode setup using a water-based agar dummy. Further, simulation of an equivalent circuit was used for quantitative evaluation. Indications were found that the preferred electrode construction to achieve the lowest contact impedance includes a square shaped electrode, knitted with a high yarn density and, in the case of dry electrodes, an uneven surface topography consisting of loops, while in wet condition a smooth surface is favorable. Wet electrodes are showing a greatly reduced contact impedance and are therefore to be preferred over dry ones; however, opportunities are seen for improving the electrode performance of dry electrodes by applying pressure to the system, thereby avoiding disadvantages of wet electrodes with fluid administration, drying-out of the electrolyte, and discomfort arising from a “wet feeling”. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
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| 4. |
- Euler, Luisa, et al.
(författare)
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Textile Electrodes : Influence of Electrode Construction and Pressure on Stimulation Performance in Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES)
- 2021
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Ingår i: Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC), 2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE. - : IEEE. - 9781728111797 ; 2021, s. 1305-1308
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The major reason for preventable hospital death isvenous thromboembolism (VTE). Non-pharmacologicaltreatment options include electrical stimulation or compressiontherapy to improve blood flow in the extremities. Textileelectrodes offer potential to replace bulky devices commonlyused in this field, thereby improving the user compliance. In thiswork, the performance of dry and wet knitted electrodes incombination with pressure application to the electrode wasevaluated in neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES). Amotor point stimulation on the calf was performed on ninehealthy subjects to induce a plantarflexion and the requiredstimulation intensity as well as the perceived pain were assessed.The performance of the different electrode constructions wascompared and the influence of the pressure application wasanalysed. The results show that wet textile electrodes (0.9 %saline solution) perform significantly better than dry electrodes.However, opportunities were found for improving theperformance of dry textile electrodes by using an uneven surfacetopography in combination with an intermediate to highpressure application to the electrode (> 20 mmHg), e.g. by usinga compression stocking. Moreover, the smaller of the two testedelectrode areas (16 cm2; 32 cm2) appears to be favourable interms of stimulation comfort and efficiency.
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