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- Andersson, Petra, et al.
(författare)
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Lion Fire: Extinguishment and mitigation of fires in Li-ion batteries at sea
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The shipping industry is facing increasing pressure to cut emissions. Diesel-electric hybrid or fully electrical propulsion systems can offer significant savings in fuel consumption and reduce emissions. However, the use of energy storage battery systems on board vessels is introducing new fire hazards and advice on suitable fire extinguishing systems and agents is desired. In a series of tests, both total compartment application water spray and water mist systems and direct injection (using several different agents) into the module were evaluated in fire tests conducted to compare different fire extinguishing approaches for a fire in a battery cell. A test compartment was constructed to simulate a battery room and a commercially available lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery cell was positioned inside a cubic box that mimicked a battery module. By heating the battery cell, combustible gases were generated, and these gases were ignited by a pilot flame inside the simulated battery module. The tests indicated that fire extinguishment of a battery cell fire inside a battery module is unlikely when using total compartment water spray or water mist fire protection systems. The water droplets are simply not able to penetrate the battery module and reach to the seat of the fire. Direct injection of the fire extinguishing agent inside the battery module is necessary. The tests also showed that agents such as water and low-expansion foam, with a high heat capacity, provide rapid cooling and fire extinguishment. The reduced water surface tension associated with low-expansion foam may improve the possibilities for water penetration whilst agents with a high viscosity may not be able to spread to the seat of the fire. Agents with less heat capacity, such as high-expansion foam and nitrogen gas, provide less cooling but fire extinguishment can still be achieved if designed correctly.
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| 2. |
- Arvidson, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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FIRESAFE II Alternative fixed‑fire extinguishing systems for ro-ro spaces on ships
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The effectiveness of ‘drencher systems’ per Resolution A.123(V) has been questioned for many years. This report presents a review of potential commercially available alternative systems and their expected performance efficiency, water consumption and estimated installation costs. Additionally, large‑scale fire tests were performed for selected systems.Three main alternative fire-extinguishing systems were identified:Compressed Air Foam Systems (CAFS)Foam-water sprinkler and foam‑water spray systems; andWater curtains.Water curtains was the least expensive system, but the areas sub‑divided by the water curtains require cargo spacing, resulting in significant yearly losses in income for a ship owner. Furthermore, water curtains were de-selected since they cannot replace a conventional fire-extinguishing system.The installation cost for the selected CAFS was very high and it gave limited fire suppression in the large‑scale fire tests, probably due to the limited discharge density of 2.4 mm/min.The system per MSC.1/Circ.1430 (10 mm/min) had superior performance while the system per Resolution A.123(V) (5 mm/min) and the foam‑water spray system (6.5 mm/min + foam) limited the fire size to some degrees. However, for a potential spill fire scenario, improvements of foam could be relevant.Foam injection could be an alternative, but no new system was recommended to be required.
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| 9. |
- Evegren, Franz
(författare)
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Fire risk assessment of alternative ship design
- 2017
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Ingår i: Ships and Offshore Structures. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1744-5302 .- 1754-212X. ; 12:6, s. 837-842
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The procedure to evaluate fire safety of alternative ship design solutions, described in MSC/Circ.1002, has been found insufficient for novel and large scopes. In this paper, it is analysed with regards to function and applicability as a risk-based assessment procedure. Deficiencies are addressed based on risk assessment research and involvement in over a dozen performed assessments. Clarified are inconsistencies in the fire safety regulations, which must be considered particularly during identification of hazards. It is also suggested that affected safety functions are evaluated separately if possible and that the assessment sophistication is adapted to the scope of introduced hazards; four levels to perform parts of or the whole assessment are proposed.
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| 10. |
- Evegren, Franz
(författare)
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Fire safe island ferries of the future
- 2014
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Ingår i: International Fire Buyer.
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A detailed process to build environmentally friendly and fire safe island ferries in fiber reinforced polymer composite has been developed by SP Fire Technology in a Swedish-Danish consortium.
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