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- Fält, Susanna, et al.
(författare)
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Influence of electrolytes on the swelling and strength of kraft-liner pulps
- 2003
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Ingår i: Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal. - 0283-2631 .- 2000-0669. ; 18:1, s. 69-73
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the present paper, the effect of common process electrolytes NaCl, Na2SO4 and CaCl2 on fibre swelling and paper strength has been investigated. Results show that there is an initial increase in the water retention value (WRV) of the fibres when the salt concentration is increased at a pH of 5 in the solution surrounding the fibres. At higher salt concentrations, the WRV decreases. This behaviour is most pronounced for Na2SO4 and smaller for NaCl and CaCl2.The increase in swelling is explained as being due to an increase in pH in the fibre wall and a subsequent increased dissociation of the carboxyl groups during the initial increase in ionic strength. When the electrolyte concentration is further increased, the difference in osmotic pressure between the interior of the fibre wall and the surrounding solution decreases and eventually the pressure difference drops to zero. It is also found that there is no unique relationship between the WRV and the strength of paper formed from the fibres treated with different electrolyte concentrations.
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| 2. |
- Fält, Susanna, et al.
(författare)
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Model films of cellulose II - improved preparation method and characterization of the cellulose film
- 2004
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Ingår i: Cellulose. - 0969-0239 .- 1572-882X. ; 11:2, s. 151-162
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An optimization study of the preparation of spin-coated cellulose model films from the NMMO/DMSO system on silicon wafers has been made. The study shows that the cellulose concentration in the solution determines the cellulose film thickness and that the temperature of the solution affects the surface roughness. A lower solution temperature results in a lower surface roughness at cellulose concentrations below 0.8%. Using the described method, it is possible to prepare films with thicknesses of 30-90 nm with a constant surface roughness by changing the cellulose concentration, i.e. by dilution with DMSO. On these films, water has a contact angle less than 20degrees and about 50% of the material can, according to CP/MAS C-13-NMR spectroscopy on corresponding fibrous material, be considered to consist of crystalline cellulose II type material. It has further been shown that AFM can be used to determine the thickness of cellulose films, in both dry and wet states. In this method, the difference in height between the top surface and the underlying wafer has been measured at an incision made into the cellulose film. The cellulose films have also been spin-coated with the same technique as on the silicon oxide wafer onto the crystal in a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). These model films were found to be suitable for swelling measurements with the QCM. The films were very stable during this type of measurement and films with different amounts of charges gave different swelling responses depending on their charges. As expected, films with a higher charge showed a higher swelling.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Fält, Susanna
(författare)
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Model studies of cellulose fibers and films and their relation to paper strength
- 2003
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The objectives of this work were (i) to develop a new methodfor the preparation of thin cellulose model films, (ii) to usethese model films for swelling measurements and (iii) to relatethe swelling of fibers and films to the dry strength ofpaper.In the new film preparation method, NMMO(N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide) was used to dissolve cellulose andDMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) was added to control the viscosity ofthe cellulose solution. A dilute solution of the cellulose wasspin-coated onto a silicon oxide wafer and the cellulose filmthus prepared was then precipitated in deionised water. Asaturated layer of glyoxalated-polyacrylamide was used toanchor the film onto the silicon oxide wafer. This proceduregave films with thicknesses in the range of 20-270 nm. Thefilms were cleaned in deionised water and were found by ESCAanalysis and contact angle measurements (θ<20°)to be free from solvents. Solid state NMR measurements onfibers spun from NMMO also indicated that the model filmconsisted of about 50% crystalline material and that thecrystalline structure was of the cellulose II type.Determination of the molecular weight distribution of thecellulose surface material showed that the NMMO treatmentcaused only a minor breakdown of the cellulose chains and thatlow molecular mass oligomers of glucose were not created.It was further shown that atomic force microscopy (AFM)measurements could be used to determine the thicknessof thecellulose films, in both the dry and wet states. The thicknesswas determined as the height difference between the top surfaceand the underlying silica wafer measured at a position where anincision had been made in the cellulose film. The cellulosesolutions were also directly spin-coated onto the crystal usedin the Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM-D), pre-treated withthe same type of anchoring polymer. With this application,these model surfaces were shown to be suitable for swellingmeasurements with the QCM-D. The extent of swelling and theswelling kinetics in the presence of electrolytes, such asNaCl, CaCl2 and Na2SO4, and at different pH were measured inthis way. The films were found to be very stable during thesemeasurements and the results were comparable to the swellingresults obtained for the corresponding pulps. The swelling ofboth fibers and films followed the general behavior ofpolyelectrolyte gels in the presence of electrolytes and was inaccordance with the Donnan equilibrium theory. The films havebeen shown to differ from fibers with regard to the absence ofa covalent interior network. This influences the evaluation ofthe deswelling effects measured on the model films. Theswelling effect seen with different electrolytes has also beenconsidered in relation to the tensile strength of paperprepared from a kraftliner-pulp. In this study, it was foundthat there was no direct relationship between the swelling ofthe fibers, measured as WRV, and the strength of the paper inthe presence of different electrolytes at pH 5.KEYWORDS:absorption, carboxymethyl cellulose,cellulose, cellulose fibers, dissolving pulps, donnanequilibrium, electrolytes, film, ion exchange, ionization,kinetics, liner boards, microscopy, spinning, surfaces,swelling, tensile strength, water, water retention value.
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| 5. |
- Fält, Susanna, et al.
(författare)
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Swellling of model films of cellulose having different charge densities and comparison to the swelling behavior of corresponding fibers
- 2003
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Ingår i: Langmuir. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0743-7463 .- 1520-5827. ; 19:19, s. 7895-7903
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cellulose model films with different charge densities were prepared by spin-coating dissolved cellulose in N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide onto SiO2 surfaces. The swelling of the model cellulose films due to exposure to solutions of different electrolytes and at different ionic strengths and pH values were studied using QCM-D (quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring). Results show that at pH 5, there is a swelling of the film at a low electrolyte concentration (10(-4)-10(-2) M), whereas the deswelling of the film was observed at a high electrolyte concentration (10(-1)-1 M). A considerable swelling of the films is seen when they are treated with deionized water with an increasing pH. The swelling of the films is accompanied by an increase in dissipation, that is, a softening of the material, and the deswelling by a decrease in dissipation, that is, a stiffening of the material. Furthermore, exposure of the films to solutions of different electrolytes affected the swelling of the layer. In this respect, the swelling response of Na2SO4 differs from that of NaCl and CaC1(2) by showing simultaneously high swelling and low dissipation values. The results also show that the rate of swelling reaches its lowest value as the electrolyte concentration reaches the detected limit for the deswelling. The QCM-D results are compared to the swelling of the corresponding carboxymethylated fibers, where a similar behavior was found. However, for the fibers a marked deswelling occurred at a high electrolyte concentration, but only a minor deswelling of the cellulose film was observed. This difference between the materials can be ascribed to noncovalent bonds within the film that will not reform when the swelling forces are decreased at high electrolyte concentrations. A direct measurement of the thickness changes was performed using atomic force microscopy, which shows that the change in frequency measured with QCM-D for the films treated with different NaCl electrolyte concentrations corresponds to changes of 1-2%.
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