| 1. |
- Fagerström, Daniel, 1965-
(författare)
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Spatio-Temporal Scale-Space Theory
- 2011
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis addresses two important topics in developing a systematic space-time geometric approach to real-time, low-level motion vision. The first one concerns measuring of image flow, while the second one focuses on how to find low level features. We argue for studying motion vision in terms of space-time geometry rather than in terms of two (or a few) consecutive image frames. The use of Galilean Geometry and Galilean similarity geometry for this purpose is motivated and relevant geometrical background is reviewed. In order to measure the visual signal in a way that respects the geometry of the situation and the causal nature of time, we argue that a time causal Galilean spatio-temporal scale-space is needed. The scale-space axioms are chosen so that they generalize popular axiomatizations of spatial scale-space to spatio-temporal geometries. To be able to derive the scale-space, an infinitesimal framework for scale-spaces that respects a more general class of Lie groups (compared to previous theory) is developed and applied. Perhaps surprisingly, we find that with the chosen axiomatization, a time causal Galilean scale-space is not possible as an evolution process on space and time. However, it is possible on space and memory. We argue that this actually is a more accurate and realistic model of motion vision. While the derivation of the time causal Galilean spatio-temporal scale-spaces requires some exotic mathematics, the end result is as simple as one possibly could hope for and a natural extension of spatial scale-spaces. The unique infinitesimally generated scale-space is an ordinary diffusion equation with drift on memory and a diffusion equation on space. The drift is used for velocity adaption, the "velocity adaption" part of Galilean geometry (the Galilean boost) and the temporal scale-space acts as memory. Lifting the restriction of infinitesimally generated scale spaces, we arrive at a new family of scale-spaces. These are generated by a family of fractional differential evolution equations that generalize the ordinary diffusion equation. The same type of evolution equations have recently become popular in research in e.g. financial and physical modeling. The second major topic in this thesis is extraction of features from an image flow. A set of low-level features can be derived by classifying basic Galilean differential invariants. We proceed to derive invariants for two main cases: when the spatio-temporal gradient cuts the image plane and when it is tangent to the image plane. The former case corresponds to isophote curve motion and the later to creation and disappearance of image structure, a case that is not well captured by the theory of optical flow. The Galilean differential invariants that are derived are equivalent with curl, divergence, deformation and acceleration. These invariants are normally calculated in terms of optical flow, but here they are instead calculated directly from the the spatio-temporal image.
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| 2. |
- Fagerström, Daniel, 1965-
(författare)
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Spatio-temporal Scale-Spaces
- 2007
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Ingår i: Lecture Notes in Computer Science. - Berlin / Heidelberg : Springer. - 0302-9743 .- 1611-3349. ; 4485, s. 326-337
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A family of spatio-temporal scale-spaces suitable for a moving observer is developed. The scale-spaces are required to be time causal for being usable for real time measurements, and to be velocity adapted , i.e. to have Galilean covariance to avoid favoring any particular motion. Furthermore standard scale-space axioms: linearity, positivity, continuity, translation invariance, scaling covariance in space and time, rotational invariance in space and recursivity are used. An infinitesimal criterion for scale-spaces is developed, which simplifies calculations and makes it possible to define scale spaces on bounded regions. We show that there are no temporally causal Galilean scale-spaces that are semigroups acting on space and time, but that there are such scale-spaces that are semigroups acting on space and memory (where the memory is the scale-space). The temporally causal scale-space is a time-recursive process using current input and the scale-space as state, i.e. there is no need for storing earlier input. The diffusion equation acting on the memory with the input signal as boundary condition, is a member of this family of scale spaces and is special in the sense that its generator is local.
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| 3. |
- Fagerström, Daniel, 1965-
(författare)
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Temporal Scale Spaces
- 2005
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Ingår i: International Journal of Computer Vision. - Netherlands : Springer. - 0920-5691 .- 1573-1405. ; 64:2, s. 97-106
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper we discuss how to define a scale space suitable for temporal measurements. We argue that such a temporal scale space should possess the properties of: temporal causality, linearity, continuity, positivity, recursitivity as well as translational and scaling covariance. It is shown that these requirements imply a one parameter family of convolution kernels. Furthermore it is shown that these measurements can be realized in a time recursive way, with the current data as input and the temporal scale space as state, i.e. there is no need for storing earlier input. This family of measurement processes contains the diffusion equation on the half line (that represents the temporal scale) with the input signal as boundary condition on the temporal axis. The diffusion equation is unique among the measurement processes in the sense that it is preserves positivity (in the scale domain) and is locally generated. A numerical scheme is developed and relations to other approaches are discussed.
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| 4. |
- Lindeberg, Tony, 1964-, et al.
(författare)
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Scale-space with causal time direction
- 1996
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article presents a theory for multi-scale representation of temporal data. Assuming that a real-time vision system should represent the incoming data at different time scales, an additional causality constraint arises compared to traditional scale-space theory—we can only use what has occurred in the past for computing representations at coarser time scales. Based on a previously developed scale-space theory in terms of noncreation of local maxima with increasing scale, a complete classification is given of the scale-space kernels that satisfy this property of non-creation of structure and respect the time direction as causal. It is shown that the cases of continuous and discrete time are inherently different.
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