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- Béthermin, Matthieu, et al.
(författare)
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The ALMA-ALPINE [CII] survey: Kennicutt-Schmidt relation in four massive main-sequence galaxies at z ~ 4.5
- 2023
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Ingår i: Astronomy and Astrophysics. - 0004-6361 .- 1432-0746. ; 680
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims. The Kennicutt-Schmidt (KS) relation between the gas and the star formation rate (SFR) surface density (Σgas - ΣSFR) is essential to understand star formation processes in galaxies. To date, it has been measured up to z ~ 2.5 in main-sequence galaxies. In this Letter our aim is to put constraints at z ~ 4.5 using a sample of four massive main-sequence galaxies observed by ALMA at high resolution. Methods. We obtained ~0.3″-resolution [CII] and continuum maps of our objects, which we then converted into gas and obscured SFR surface density maps. In addition, we produced unobscured SFR surface density maps by convolving Hubble ancillary data in the rest-frame UV. We then derived the average ΣSFR in various Σgas bins, and estimated the uncertainties using a Monte Carlo sampling. Results. Our galaxy sample follows the KS relation measured in main-sequence galaxies at lower redshift, and is slightly lower than the predictions from simulations. Our data points probe the high end both in terms of Σgas and ΣSFR, and gas depletion timescales (285-843 Myr) remain similar to z ~ 2 objects. However, three of our objects are clearly morphologically disturbed, and we could have expected shorter gas depletion timescales (≲100 Myr) similar to merger-driven starbursts at lower redshifts. This suggests that the mechanisms triggering starbursts at high redshift may be different than in the low- and intermediate-z Universe.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Bosshard, G, et al.
(författare)
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Forgoing treatment at the end of life in 6 European countries
- 2005
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Ingår i: Archives of Internal Medicine. - 0003-9926. ; 165:4, s. 401-407
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Modern medicine provides unprecedented opportunities in diagnostics and treatment. However, in some situations at the end of a patient's life, many physicians refrain from using all possible measures to prolong life. We studied the incidence of different types of treatment withheld or withdrawn in 6 European countries and analyzed the main background characteristics. Methods: Between June 2001 and February 2002, samples were obtained from deaths reported to registries in Belgium, Denmark, Italy, the Netherlands, Sweden, and Switzerland. The reporting physician was then sent a questionnaire about the medical decision-making process that preceded the patient's death. Results: The incidence of nontreatment decisions, whether or not combined with other end-of-life decisions, varied widely from 6% of all deaths studied in Italy to 41% in Switzerland. Most frequently forgone in every country were hydration or nutrition and medication, together representing between 62% (Belgium) and 71% (Italy) of all treatments withheld or withdrawn. Forgoing treatment estimated to prolong life for more than I month was more common in the Netherlands (10%), Belgium (9%), and Switzerland (8%) than in Denmark (5%), Italy (3%), and Sweden (2%). Relevant determinants of treatment being withheld rather than withdrawn were older age (odds ratio [OR], 1.53; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.31-1.79), death outside the hospital (death in hospital: OR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.68-0.93), and greater lifeshortening effect (OR, 1.75; 95% Cl, 1.27-2.39). Conclusions: In all of the participating countries, life prolonging treatment is withheld or withdrawn at the end of life. Frequencies vary greatly among countries. Low technology interventions, such as medication or hydration or nutrition, are most frequently forgone. in older patients and outside the hospital, physicians prefer not to initiate life-prolonging treatment at all rather than stop it later.
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| 4. |
- Cohen, J., et al.
(författare)
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Influence of physicians' life stances on attitudes to end-of-life decisions and actual end-of-life decision-making in six countries
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of Medical Ethics. - : BMJ. - 0306-6800 .- 1473-4257. ; 34:4, s. 247-253
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim: To examine how physicians' life stances affect their attitudes to end-of-life decisions and their actual end-of-life decision-making. Methods: Practising physicians from various specialties involved in the care of dying patients in Belgium, Denmark, The Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland and Australia received structured questionnaires on end-of-life care, which included questions about their life stance. Response rates ranged from 53% in Australia to 68% in Denmark. General attitudes, intended behaviour with respect to two hypothetical patients, and actual behaviour were compared between all large life-stance groups in each country. Results: Only small differences in life stance were found in all countries in general attitudes and intended and actual behaviour with regard to various end-of-life decisions. However, with regard to the administration of drugs explicitly intended to hasten the patient's death (PAD), physicians with specific religious affiliations had significantly less accepting attitudes, and less willingness to perform it, than non-religious physicians. They had also actually performed PAD less often. However, in most countries, both Catholics (up to 15.7% in The Netherlands) and Protestants (up to 20.4% in The Netherlands) reported ever having made such a decision. Discussion: The results suggest that religious teachings influence to some extent end-of-life decision-making, but are certainly not blankly accepted by physicians, especially when dealing with real patients and circumstances. Physicians seem to embrace religious belief in a non-imperative way, allowing adaptation to particular situations.
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| 5. |
- van der Heide, A, et al.
(författare)
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End-of-life decision-making in six European countries: descriptive study
- 2003
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Ingår i: The Lancet. - 1474-547X. ; 362:9381, s. 345-350
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Empirical data about end-of-life decision-making practices are scarce. We aimed to investigate frequency and characteristics of end-of-life decision-making practices in six European countries: Belgium, Denmark, Italy, the Netherlands, Sweden, and Switzerland. Methods In all participating countries, deaths reported to death registries were stratified for cause (apart from in Switzerland), and samples were drawn from every stratum. Reporting doctors received a mailed questionnaire about the medical decision-making that had preceded the death of the patient. The data-collection procedure precluded identification of any of the doctors or patients. All deaths arose between June, 2001, and February, 2002. We weighted data to correct for stratification and to make results representative for all deaths: results were presented as weighted percentages. Findings The questionnaire response rate was 75% for the Netherlands, 67% for Switzerland, 62% for Denmark, 61% for Sweden, 59% for Belgium, and 44% for Italy. Total number of deaths studied was 20 480. Death happened suddenly and unexpectedly in about a third of cases in all countries. The proportion of deaths that were preceded by any end-of-life decision ranged between 23% (Italy) and 51% (Switzerland). Administration of drugs with the explicit intention of hastening death varied between countries: about 1% or less in Denmark, Italy, Sweden, and Switzerland, 1.82% in Belgium, and 3.40% in the Netherlands. Large variations were recorded in the extent to which decisions were discussed with patients, relatives, and other caregivers. Interpretation Medical end-of-life decisions frequently precede dying in all participating countries. Patients and relatives are generally involved in decision-making in countries in which the frequency of making these decisions is high.
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