| 1. |
- Falck, Annki, et al.
(författare)
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Early risk identification and cost-benefit analyses through ergonomics simulation
- 2009
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Ingår i: Digital Human Modeling for Design and Engineering Conference and Exhibition. - 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States : Society of Automotive Engineers. ; , s. 10-
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- For cost-beneficial reasons simulations with computer manikins have been increasingly used in the automotive industry for prediction of ergonomics problems before the product and work place exist in physical form. The main purpose of ergonomics simulations is to apply biomechanical models and data to assess the acceptability of the physical work load, e.g., working postures, visibility, clearance, etc., which could result in requirements to change the design of the product. The aim is to improve ergonomics conditions in manual assembly and to promote a better product quality through improved assemblability (ease of assembly). Many studies have shown a clear correlation between assembly ergonomics and product quality and that poor assembly ergonomics result in impaired product quality and in decreased productivity. Nevertheless, there are remaining difficulties in achieving acceptance for changes of product and production solutions because of poor assembly ergonomics.A recent study in the Swedish automotive industry showed that huge savings and increased profit margins can be obtained by eliminating ergonomics risk concepts in the very early product development process. The study confirmed a strong relation between poor ergonomics assembly solutions and quality errors of the product (car). There was a substantially increased risk for quality errors and increased costs for corrective measures of the product for assembly items of high and moderate physical work load compared to assembly items of low work load. The quality risk was increased 3 and 3.7 times, respectively. The overall cost for corrective measures in the assembly plant and for factory complete cars was 8.7 and 8.2 times higher for assembly items of high and medium physical work load compared to items of low physical work load.The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the need for ergonomics simulations of potentially harmful assembly concepts in combination with cost-benefit analyses of conceivable system solutions based on calculation of costs for quality errors related to poor ergonomics and poor assemblability. The intended end result of this research is a model by application of which it is possible to calculate the cost for quality losses and health effects due to poor ergonomics and compare it with the cost for improving the ergonomics with designers, manufacturing engineers and ergonomists as main users.
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| 2. |
- Amprazis, Joakim, et al.
(författare)
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ErgoSAM - en produktionsteknisk metod för tidig identifiering av belastningsergonomiska problem
- 2002
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Ingår i: Nordic Ergonomics Society (NES) conference, Norrköping, Sweden, 2002..
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- ErgoSAM is a production technology method designed for use by SAM-authorized engineers with a certain level of proficiency in load ergonomics. The method is based on Sequence-Based Activity and Method Analysis (SAM) and has been expanded with the addition of information about working area (zone) and weight of objects handled. The method is intended specifically for use during a phase of development or change of a workplace where the workplace itself does not yet exist physically to identify at an early stage any shortcomings in the workplace design that will create high levels of physical stress for the person who is to perform the work. ErgoSAM has been validated twice previously in association with ITT Flygt AB and Volvo Cars, Torslanda. A third, and wider-ranging validation was conducted at Volvo Cars during 2001 and is reported on here. This validation analyzed five separate working operations for assembly using ErgoSAM and Volvos specification of load ergonomic requirements. The ErgoSAM analyses were performed by an experienced production technician and the load ergonomic analyses by an experienced ergonomist. The results show that ErgoSAM is an effective method that may be used for simple analysis of a workplace, in order to assess the physical workload, and it is recommended for continued use. Today, the method does not take all load ergonomic parameters into account and could therefore be expanded by the addition of a number of simple checklists to obtain a more comprehensive assessment of the physical workload.
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| 3. |
- Amprazis, Joakim, et al.
(författare)
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Utvärdering av ErgoSAM. Handbok. Utförd vid vid Volvo Personvagnar AB i samarbete med Arbetslivsinstitutet Väst, Göteborg, Sverige.
- 2001
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Ingår i: Arbets- och miljömedicin, Sahlgrenska universitetssjukhuset, Göteborg, Sverige. ; , s. 1-43 samt bilaga 1-3-
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- SammanfattningErgoSAM är en produktionsteknisk metod avsedd att användas av tekniker med viss belastningsergonomisk kompetens. Metoden är baserad på systemet Sekvensbaserad Aktivitets- och Metodanalys, SAM och har utökats med information om arbetsområde (zon) och vikt på hanterade föremål. Syftet med ErgoSAM är att få en första indikation på den fysiska belastningsnivån för ett arbete, inte att få en detaljerad och fullständig belastningsergonomisk analys. Metoden är speciellt tänkt att användas i en utvecklings- eller förändringsfas av en arbetsplats, där själva arbetsplatsen ännu inte existerar fysiskt, för att tidigt upptäcka eventuella brister i arbetsplatsutformningen som medför höga fysiska belastningsnivåer för de som skall utföra arbetet. Metoden är utformad som ett Excel-program.ErgoSAM har utvecklats vid Lindholmen Utveckling AB i samarbete med Volvo Cars, Torslanda, och ITT Flygt AB. Två utvärderingar har tidigare genomförts av ErgoSAM, vilka har visat att metoden överensstämmer väl med resultat från andra ergonomiska metoder. Dock fanns behov av ytterligare en utvärdering innan en vidare användning medges vid olika företag. Denna rapport beskriver resultatet av denna tredje utvärdering.Utvärderingen genomfördes för fem arbetsuppgifter (så kallade balanser) vid Volvo Cars monteringsfabrik i Torslanda. Totalt analyserades 28199 TMU (17,4 min). De fem balanserna representerar både fysiskt lättare och tyngre arbetsuppgifter. För respektive balans gjordes analyser med ErgoSAM av en erfaren produktionstekniker. Dessutom gjordes belastningsergonomiska analyser för de fem balanserna enligt Volvo Cars ergonomiska kravspecifikation (koncernstandard). De ergonomiska analyserna utfördes, för varje SAM aktivitet, av en erfaren ergonom vid Celero Support AB.Resultaten visar att ErgoSAM är en bra metod, med vilken man enkelt kan analysera en arbetsplats för att bedöma den fysiska arbetsbelastningen. Metoden tar inte hänsyn till alla belastningsergonomiska parametrar, men ger en ganska bra bild av belastningen för ett analyserat arbete. De belastningsergonomiska analyserna visade generellt en något högre arbetsbelastning jämfört med ErgoSAM. Den viktigaste förklaringen till detta är att 28 ergonomiparametrar används i bedömningen med Volvos belastningsergonomiska kravspecifikation jämfört med tre parametrar i ErgoSAM. Detta innebär en större noggrannhet vid bedömning med användning av Volvos kravspecifikation. ErgoSAM i dess nuvarande utformning tar ej hänsyn till:•arbetsställning och arbetsrörelser för nacke, armbågsleder, hand- och fingerleder, höftleder, knäleder, fotleder och i vissa fall axeln och ryggen•typ av handgrepp (över/underhandsgrepp respektive enhands-/tvåhandsgrepp) och greppbarhet•den belastningsökning som uppstår vid statiskt arbete•Volvos belastningsergonomiska kravspecifikation för tex. clips och handmaskiner.En fördel med metoden är det diagram som skapas som resultat av en analys, vilket gör att det är enkelt för andra att ta del av analysen, även för personer som inte behärskar SAM eller ergonomi. Med de resultatnivåer som fås (kubvärden) är det lätt att dela in i belastningsnivåerna i tre områden, Grönt - OK, Gult - Acceptabelt, Rött - Dåligt. ErgoSAM kan därför användas i förändringsprojekt för att åstadkomma en ökad förståelse bland montörer/operatörer och andra som påverkas av en arbetsplatsförändring.I rapporten ges förslag till vidare utveckling av ErgoSAM samt rekommendationer för fortsatt användning av ErgoSAM generellt och specifikt inom Volvo Cars.
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| 4. |
- Berlin, Cecilia, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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A Systemic Overview of Factors Affecting the Cognitive Performance of Industrial Manual Assembly Workers
- 2021
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Ingår i: Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 2367-3389 .- 2367-3370. ; 221 LNNS, s. 371-381
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In paced assembly lines, cognitive processing is required from assembly workers to perform correct and timely assembly of complex products with varying specifications. This interview study involving 75 industrial assemblers, design- and manufacturing engineers explores how assemblers’ cognitive performance is influenced by multiple factors within the contexts of product design, production setup and assembly. Our results indicate that both positive and negative effects on assemblers’ cognitive performance can stem from task design, timing, physical loading demands, extrinsic motivation factors, teamwork and the assembly “interface” design. Among design- and manufacturing engineers, two mindsets emerged: (i) a product-centred mindset relying on assemblers having sufficient experience, knowledge, and assembly instructions, (ii) an assembler-focused mindset characterised by an iterative and collaborative development process to ensure easy-to-assemble solutions, and avoid errors, delays and costly re-work. Despite organizational differences and conditions between the companies that took part in the study, the results are largely consistent.
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| 5. |
- Berlin, Cecilia, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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COREQ checklist for the research project PreKo, 2018-2021
- 2021
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- For the research project “A Model for predictive assessment of cognitive workload – PreKo”, we (the researchers) have completed a COREQ (Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Studies) checklist to transparently convey the research project’s study design in detail, with regard to the multi-case interview study that was carried out in the project.
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| 6. |
- Christmansson, Marita, et al.
(författare)
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Modified method time measurements for ergonomic planning of production systems in the manufacturing industry
- 2000
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Ingår i: International Journal of Production Research. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0020-7543 .- 1366-588X. ; 38:17, s. 4051 - 4059
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The paper reports on an evaluation of a method called ErgoSAM. This method is based on SAM, a higher-level method-time-measurement (MTM) system, and is for use by production planners, e.g. production engineers. In addition to the SAM information, the ErgoSAM method considers information on weight handled or forces applied, and work zone. The method is designed to predict the physical demands of work postures, force and repetitivity, according to a scientific model, the Cube model. In co-operation with the Volvo Car Corporation, six workstations of an assembly line, were analysed by a production engineer using ErgoSAM. The total assembly time analysed was about 17 minutes. The results were compared to results from ergonomic analyses made by an ergonomist using the Volvo Car Corporations standards. The results showed that ErgoSAM predicts work situations of high physical stress for the workers. However, the method does not consider stressful positions for the hand, wrist and neck or mental stress. The production engineer judged the ErgoSAM analyses to require about 5% more time than SAM analyses alone. It is concluded that the method shows considerable promise for predicting physically stressful work situations, but needs to be further evaluated and refined.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Dukic, Tania, 1975, et al.
(författare)
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To use virtual tools for further development of Volvo Car´s production system - A case study of the development of the production system for P28/XC90.
- 2002
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Ingår i: Chalmers, Produkt- och Produktionsutveckling. Rapport nr. 16. - 1651-0984. ; , s. 112-
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- SummaryA work procedure for virtual product and manufacturing engineering has been developed at the Volvo Car Corporation. For the first time this was fully adhered to during the development of the P28/XC90 car model. The working methods comprise both virtual and physical analysis of different aspects of the product and production process, such as packing, assembly ability and ergonomics. A decision was taken in January 2001 to make an evaluation of the virtual working methods, for which a research team from the National Institute for Working Life and Chalmers University of Technology was engaged.The purpose was to evaluate how well the virtual working methods functioned with regard to ergonomics aspects of assembly work - and to what degree they could be applied for early identification of ergonomics problems. About 30 interviews with members of different development teams (module teams) were carried out for the evaluation. Evaluations of the assembly work for a selected number of PIIs1 for P28 were also made, starting with virtual series2 5 (VS5) in February 2001 ending with the pre-series PTO1 (Pre try-out 13) in November 2001. The overall results showed that the virtual participative working methods worked well in general and the members of the module teams (project teams) were very positive to the usage of virtual tools. A large number of ergonomic problems were identified and corrected but the number of ergonomic simulations was lower than expected. The reason for this was said to be a lack of ergonomics competence. Nevertheless the module teams believed that there was a greater potential for identifying and solving several ergonomic problems in early project phases than was the case in this study. An overall important outcome was the recommendations to the company for how to improve virtual working procedures, follow-ups of simulation results and virtual tools for the future.
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| 9. |
- Falck, Ann-Christine, 1949, et al.
(författare)
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A calculation model for ergonomics cost-benefit analyses in early product development stages
- 2012
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Ingår i: AHFE 2012: Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics Conference, San Fransisco, California, USA, 21-25 July, 2012. - : CRC Press. - 9781439870396 ; :Conference program, session 185, s. pp. 71-
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Increasing international competition between companies has put high focus on cost-cutting actions at all levels in companies and organizations. In product development there are many design requirements to meet and often tough project budgets to keep. Requirements that are considered not profitable will often be neglected, which often affects assembly ergonomics. The objective of this study is to demonstrate the relationship between ergonomics, assembly related quality errors and associated costs and develop a cost-beneficial assessment model. The results showed that ergonomics high risk issues had 5-8 times as many quality errors as low risk issues and the earlier risk issues were found the less were the action costs. A model for cost-benefit analyses was developed based on the obtained quality data.
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| 10. |
- Falck, Ann-Christine, 1949, et al.
(författare)
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A calculation model for ergonomics cost-benefit analyses in early product development stages
- 2012
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Ingår i: Advances in ergonomics in manufacturing. - : CRC Press. - 9781439870402 ; , s. 399-408
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Increasing international competition between companies has put high focus on cost-cutting actions at all levels in companies and organizations. In product development there are many design requirements to meet and often tough project budgets to keep. Requirements that are considered not profitable will often be neglected, which often affects assembly ergonomics. The objective of this study is to demonstrate the relationship between ergonomics, assembly related quality errors and associated costs and develop a cost-beneficial assessment model. The results showed that ergonomics high risk issues had 5-8 times as many quality errors as low risk issues and the earlier risk issues were found the less were the action costs. A model for cost-benefit analyses was developed based on the obtained quality data.
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