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| 2. |
- Gao, Chuansi, et al.
(författare)
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Initial, transient and steady state evaporative resistance of impermeable protective clothing
- 2006
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Ingår i: [Host publication title missing]. - 9623675348 ; , s. 253-261
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The measured water vapour resistances of clothing ensembles differ among laboratories particularly for impermeable clothing. Due to the moisture transfer in the clothing ensemble, evaporative heat losses in initial, transient and steady state phases are different. The purpose of this study was to investigate moisture absorption inside underwear and outer layer as a function of time, to quantify the difference of water vapour resistance of protective clothing (impermeable outer layer and cotton underwear) in initial, transient and steady state. Manikin Tore was used by wearing wet ‘skin’ to simulate sweating. The evaporative resistance is found to be more than two times higher in the initial phase than that in the saturation phase. The moisture content is gained exponentially in the clothing ensemble. On the contrary, mass loss directly from the wet skin decreases exponentially. These may partly explain the poor reproducibility while measuring the evaporative resistance of impermeable clothing for a short period.
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| 3. |
- Gao, Chuansi, et al.
(författare)
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The comparison of thermal properties of protective clothing using dry and sweating manikins
- 2006
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Ingår i: [Host publication title missing].
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The thermal insulation of clothing is commonly determined by dry thermal manikins either made of plastic or metal. For the determination of evaporative resistance of clothing ensemble, there exist three types of manikin methods: pre-wetted underwear or “skin” covered on dry manikins, the manikin with regulated constant water supply to the “skin” surface and the sweating fabric manikin based on a water filled body covered with waterproof but vapour permeable fabrics. The purpose of this study was to compare thermal insulation and moisture evaporative resistance of a set of protective clothing measured using different type of manikins. The total thermal insulation of seven EU project ensembles (Subzero A and B, Permeable (PERM), Impermeable (IMP), Nomex coverall (with two types of underwear) and Cotton coverall) were measured using the manikin Tore in Sweden, the sweating fabric manikin Walter in Hong Kong, and the manikin Newton in the UK. The results showed that total thermal insulation is reproducible for the seven clothing ensembles measured on the manikins Walter and Tore. The coefficient of variance is less than 8%. Nomex coverall with cotton underwear has 8-16% higher total insulation than that with polypropylene underwear. The apparent evaporative resistance of the impermeable coverall with cotton underwear measured on Newton was 44.5% lower than the evaporative resistance measured on Walter. The effect of condensation and conduction at room temperature environment and measuring time allowing full accumulation of moisture in clothing ensembles might be two important factors affecting the evaporative resistance.
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| 4. |
- Havenith, George, et al.
(författare)
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A Database of Static Clothing Thermal Insulation and Vapor Permeability Values of Non-Western Ensembles for Use in ASHRAE Standard 55, ISO 7730 and ISO 9920
- 2015
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Ingår i: ASHRAE Transactions. - 2378-2129. ; 121:Part 1, s. 197-215
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Four different thermal manikins (male and female shapes)in three different laboratories (UK, Sweden, and China) were used to determine the clothing thermal insulation values of 52 non-Western, mainly indoor clothing ensembles in order to expand the existing clothing database for use with ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55-2013, Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy (ASHRAE 2013a), ISO Standard 7730-2005, Ergonomics of the Thermal Environment -- Analytical Determination and Interpretation of Thermal Comfort Using Calculation of the PMV and PPD Indices and LocalThermal Comfort Criteria (ISO 2005), and ISO Standard 9920-2009, Ergonomics of the Thermal Environment -- Estimation of Thermal Insulation and Water Vapour Resistance of a Clothing Ensemble (ISO 2009). Insulation values varied over manikins, which is attributed to their different shapes and the different fit of the clothing. The mean value over three manikins is reported (with standard deviation) to include this potential real-life variation in the results. The relation of the clothing surface area factor to intrinsic clothing insulation was found to be different from that published for Western clothing. Prediction equations for the clothing surface area factor fcl based on the new data had only limited predictive power, which,however, was also the case for those obtained in the past for Western clothing. This issue seems to be commonly overlooked, as the use of these prediction equations is widespread. It has to be concluded that reliable fcl values can only be obtained when they are actually measured, as in the present work. However, we suggest that the concept of the fcl factor for the non-Western clothing may not be appropriate and may require further attention in research, as wide-falling-robes and gowns do not match the cylindrical clothing and air layer model on which the fcl concept is based. In summary, the results provide an extensive database of insulation values of non-Western clothing that is expected to be a valuable addition to ASHRAE Standard 55-2013 (ASHRAE 2013a), ISO Standard 7730-2005 (ISO 2005), and ISO Standard 9920-2009 (ISO 2009).
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Holmér, Ingvar, et al.
(författare)
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Use of Thermal Manikins in International Standards
- 2006
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Ingår i: Thermal Manikins and Modelling. - 9789623675345 ; , s. 19-24
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The first standards based on thermal manikin measurements were developed in the 1980s. In the Nordic countries tests for thermal insulation measurements of sleeping bags and cold protective clothing were developed. Similar standards were published in Germany by DIN and in the US by ASTM. At a European level, EN 342 describes test methods and requirements for cold protective clothing based on manikin measurements. EN 511 describes a method for determining glove insulation using a thermal hand model. In 2005 ASTM published a standard for determining water vapour resistance with a sweating manikin. ISO 9920 already described in 1992 how clothing insulation could be measured with a thermal manikin. This procedure, however, is more precisely specified in ISO 15831 published in 2003. Another field of application for thermal manikins is the evaluation of thermal environments. In particular, the automobile industry has shown great interest in using manikins for vehicle climate evaluation. An international standard, ISO/DIS 14505, dealing with this particular application is on the way.
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| 7. |
- Kuklane, Kalev, et al.
(författare)
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Improving thermal comfort in an orthopaedic aid: better boston brace for scoliosis patients
- 2006
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Ingår i: Thermal Manikins and Modelling. - 9623675348 ; , s. 343-351
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Scoliosis is an S-shaped sideways curvature of the spine leading to the shape change of the torso Idiopathic scoliosis is one form of this disease with unknown aetiology. 300 children out of 100 000 need treatment. Treatment duration is till the end of the patient’s growth age (till the ossification of the skeleton) and the brace should be worn 23 hours a day. Problems with brace are: heat, moist, heavy, stiff, affects skin, odor, medical look, etc. Thus, the main objectives were to improve heat and moisture dissipation from the brace. However, it was to be kept in mind that the brace is an orthopaedic aid and its positive effect has been documented and proven over decades. A new brace was designed but the question was: Is it better? To answer the question the tests on the thermal manikin were carried out with constant surface temperature mode, stable temperature and humidity in the climatic chamber, recording of power input (heat loss) and having manikin on weighting scale for continuous recording of evaporation. With manikin tests we could show that the dry insulation of old and new brace was similar. There was 30 % better moisture dissipation from new compared to the old brace. Heat dissipation from new brace was most probably improved due to higher evaporative heat losses and optimizing the openings may improve ventilation even more. In addition, following positive effects were achieved: the brace looks lighter and is more airy and skin friendly because of the openings, the new brace is by 3 mm thinner, therefore more fitting under clothing, openings and the thinner inner lining reduced the weight of the brace, the changeable inner lining makes frequent machine washing possible, but also use of linings in different colour.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Kuklane, Kalev, et al.
(författare)
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Insulation of traditional Indian clothing: Estimation of climate change impact on productivity from PHS (predicted heat strain) model
- 2014
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Ingår i: Achieving Sustainable Construction Health and Safety : proceedings of CIB W099 International Conference, 2-3 June 2014, Lund University, Sweden - proceedings of CIB W099 International Conference, 2-3 June 2014, Lund University, Sweden. - 9789176230053 ; , s. 234-244
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Major databases on western clothing and their thermal properties are available, but information on non-western clothing is lacking. A recent ASHRAE project 1504 TRP, Extension of the Clothing Insulation Database for Standard 55 and ISO 7730 dealt with the issue. Simultaneously, a co-operation study at Indian workplaces allowed us to acquire some sets of the traditional clothes used at construction sites in Chennai area. The work was related to mapping of present work conditions in order to allow predictions and measures to be taken if the mean temperature of the work environment would rise. We selected ISO 7933 on predicted heat strain (PHS) as a tool to estimate productivity loss in physical work. PHS criteria are related to reaching safe body core temperature limit of 38 °C or excess water loss. 3 sets of clothing were investigated: 2 female sets of traditional clothes (churidar and saree) modified as used at construction site (added shirt and towel to protect traditional clothes and hair), and a male set commonly used at the construction sites. The clothing insulation and evaporative resistance were measured on thermal manikins. The climatic conditions were based on weather statistics, and metabolic heat production was based on field observations at work places and the ISO 8996:2004 tables (Ergonomics of the thermal environment — Determination of metabolic rate). For the future scenarios all basic parameters were left the same except the air temperature was increased by 2 °C. Adding the protective layer on female clothing did increase clothing insulation by 25-31 % and evaporative resistance by 10-18 % respectively. This affected the performance showing lower capacity to maintain work pace already under present climatic conditions. Further increase in mean air temperature may decrease the productivity by 30-80 % depending on the parameter that is observed (limited exposure time or lower work load), and on the earlier capacity to carry out the tasks. The present evaluation may have several limitations related to the PHS model's boundaries, and validation of the presented method application is needed.
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| 10. |
- Lundgren Kownacki, Karin, et al.
(författare)
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CLOTHING INSULATION AND THERMAL COMFORT IN AFRICA: CURRENT STANDARDS AND APPLICABILITY
- 2014
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Ingår i: Proceedings of Ambience 14&10i3m : Scientific Conference for Smart and Functional Textiles, Well-Being, Thermal Comfort in Clothing, Design, Thermal Manikins and Modellin, 7-9 September 2014, Tampere, Finland - Scientific Conference for Smart and Functional Textiles, Well-Being, Thermal Comfort in Clothing, Design, Thermal Manikins and Modellin, 7-9 September 2014, Tampere, Finland. - 2342-4540. - 9789521532696 ; 1
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: The adoption of air conditioning (AC) is growing rapidly in developing countries across the world which puts a high burden on electricity distribution systems. This development is mostly driven by income growth and building design, but also due to increasing outdoor temperatures and to provide indoor thermal comfort. Current indoor thermal comfort standards are based on western clothing (in terms of the ASHRAE Standard 55 and ISO 7730). However, due to different clothing practices in regions such as Africa, providing comfortable indoor environments may differ significantly. For optimal design and achieving energy savings of AC systems, accounting for different clothing practices is fundamental. Methods: The research presented is based on a project aimed at the extension of the ASHRAE Standard 55 database to include non-western clothing. The paper focuses on the African clothing tested on thermal manikins. Three sets of female clothing and five sets of male clothing were measured. The ISO7730:2004 standard which uses the PMV/PPD indices was used to assess the optimal indoor temperature (assessed between 20-30 °C). The occupant was considered acclimatized with low activity (120 W), with an air velocity of 0.2 m/s, no additional heat radiation and a relative humidity of 50 %. Results and Conclusion: The optimal indoor temperature for both women (PMV: -0.09, PPD: 5 %) and men (PMV: 0.1, PPD: 5 %) was found to be 24 °C. Considering better ventilation and evaporation in African clothing the comfort temperatures could be even higher. In conclusion, sub-optimal indoor thermal conditions are being adopted in Africa resulting in lower indoor air temperatures than required, causing an unnecessary waste of energy from AC systems and affecting the thermal comfort of the occupants.
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