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- Bastos, Marco, et al.
(författare)
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“Donald Trump Is My President!” : The Internet Research Agency Propaganda Machine
- 2019
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Ingår i: Social Media + Society. - : Sage Publications. - 2056-3051. ; 5:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article presents a typological study of the Twitter accounts operated by the Internet Research Agency (IRA), a company specialized in online influence operations based in St. Petersburg, Russia. Drawing on concepts from 20th-century propaganda theory, we modeled the IRA operations along propaganda classes and campaign targets. The study relies on two historical databases and data from the Internet Archive’s Wayback Machine to retrieve 826 user profiles and 6,377 tweets posted by the agency between 2012 and 2017. We manually coded the source as identifiable, obfuscated, or impersonated and classified the campaign target of IRA operations using an inductive typology based on profile descriptions, images, location, language, and tweeted content. The qualitative variables were analyzed as relative frequencies to test the extent to which the IRA’s black, gray, and white propaganda are deployed with clearly defined targets for short-, medium-, and long-term propaganda strategies. The results show that source classification from propaganda theory remains a valid framework to understand IRA’s propaganda machine and that the agency operates a composite of different user accounts tailored to perform specific tasks, including openly pro-Russian profiles, local American and German news sources, pro-Trump conservatives, and Black Lives Matter activists.
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- Bydén, Moa, et al.
(författare)
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Cerebrovascular Reserve Capacity as a Predictor of Postoperative Delirium : A Pilot Study
- 2021
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Surgery. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 2296-875X. ; 8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: Postoperative delirium is a common complication after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Compromised regulation of the cerebral circulation may be a predisposing factor for delirium. However, the potential relationship between cerebrovascular reserve capacity and delirium is unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate if impaired cerebrovascular reserve capacity was associated with postoperative delirium.Methods: Forty-two patients scheduled for cardiac surgery with CPB were recruited consecutively. All patients underwent preoperative transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasound with calculation of breath-hold index (BHI). BHI < 0.69 indicated impaired cerebrovascular reserve capacity. In addition, patients were examined with preoperative neuropsychological tests such as MMSE (Mini Mental State Examination) and AQT (A Quick Test of cognitive speed). Postoperative delirium was assessed using Nursing Delirium Screening Scale (Nu-DESC) in which a score of >= 2 was considered as delirium.Results: Six patients (14%) scored high for postoperative delirium and all demonstrated impaired preoperative cerebrovascular reserve capacity. Median (25th-75th percentile) BHI in patients with postoperative delirium was significantly lower compared to the non-delirium group [0.26 (-0.08-0.44) vs. 0.83 (0.57-1.08), p = 0.002]. Preoperative MMSE score was lower in patients who developed postoperative delirium (median, 25th-75th percentile; 26.5, 24-28 vs. 28.5, 27-29, p = 0.024). Similarly, patients with postoperative delirium also displayed a slower performance during the preoperative cognitive speed test AQT color and form (mean +/- SD; 85.8 s +/- 19.3 vs. 69.6 s +/- 15.8, p = 0.043).Conclusion: The present findings suggest that an extended preoperative ultrasound protocol with TCD evaluation of cerebrovascular reserve capacity and neuropsychological tests may be valuable in identifying patients with increased risk of developing delirium after cardiac surgery.
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| 7. |
- Farkas, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Cloaked Facebook pages : exploring fake Islamist propaganda in social media
- 2018
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Ingår i: New Media and Society. - : Sage Publications. - 1461-4448 .- 1461-7315. ; 20:5, s. 1850-1867
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This research analyses cloaked Facebook pages that are created to spread political propaganda by cloaking a user profile and imitating the identity of a political opponent in order to spark hateful and aggressive reactions. This inquiry is pursued through a multi-sited online ethnographic case study of Danish Facebook pages disguised as radical Islamist pages, which provoked racist and anti-Muslim reactions as well as negative sentiments towards refugees and immigrants in Denmark in general. Drawing on Jessie Daniels’ critical insights into cloaked websites, this research furthermore analyses the epistemological, methodological and conceptual challenges of online propaganda. It enhances our understanding of disinformation and propaganda in an increasingly interactive social media environment and contributes to a critical inquiry into social media and subversive politics.
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| 8. |
- Farkas, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Disguised Propaganda from Digital to Social Media
- 2019
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Ingår i: Second International Handbook of Internet Research. - Dordrecht : Springer. - 9789402415551 - 9789402415537 - 9789402412024 ; , s. 707-723
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Disguised propaganda and political deception in digital media have been studied since the early days of the World Wide Web. At the intersection of internet research and propaganda studies, this chapter explores disguised propaganda on websites and social media platforms. Based on a discussion of key concepts and terminology, this chapter outlines how new modes of deception and source obfuscation emerge in digital and social media environments, and how this development complicates existing conceptual and epistemological frameworks in propaganda studies. The chapter concludes by arguing that contemporary challenges of detecting and countering disguised propaganda can only be resolved, if social media companies are held accountable and provide the necessary support for user contestation.
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| 10. |
- Farkas, Johan
(författare)
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Fact-based democracy or agonistic pluralism? A critical examination of the idea of a post-truth era
- 2018
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The rapid rise of fake news as a ubiquitous signifier in global politics has caused widespread debate in democratic societies concerning the distinction between true and false. A number of media professionals and scholars have argued that we might be entering a dysfunctional post-truth or post-factual era in which facts move to the background of political decision-making. According to this position, democracy is shifting from a rational to an emotional political system, as politicians no longer concern themselves with the distinction between fake and real. In order to solve this crisis, facts need to be repositioned at the center of decision-making, enabling rational discussion and consensus-based solutions. As this paper argues, however, such a ‘post-truth antidote’ might not be as free and democratic as it seems on the surface. This theoretical paper critically examines the notion of the post-truth era and its underlying ideal of a fact-based democracy. Departing from Chantal Mouffe’s theory of agonistic pluralism, the paper discusses how the proposed solution of (re-)establishing fact-based democracy could result in less freedom of thought and expression. Following the theory of agonistic pluralism, the core value of any democracy lies in its ability to give voice to opposing groups and mitigate between them. What distinguishes democratic politics, then, from say a dictatorship is not the degree of consensus it can produce, but rather the degree of accepted disagreement it can contain. From this perspective, ideals of finding one true solution to any societal issue are inherently problematic, as they fail to acknowledge how decision-making always arise as the result of discursive struggles. Building on this theoretical foundation, the paper argues that the notion of a dysfunctional post-truth era fails to encapsulate contemporary politics, as it both implicitly and explicitly idealizes consensus and objectivity over freedom of expression and agonistic pluralism.
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