| 1. |
- Feng, Cuiyang, et al.
(författare)
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The role of energy-water nexus in water conservation at regional levels in China
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : ELSEVIER SCI LTD. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 210, s. 298-308
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Energy and water resources are drawing increasing attention in China as indispensable elements of economic development and social stability. Energy production has led to widely debated issues such as water shortage and water pollution. Studies on their interrelation - i.e. the energy-water nexus - indicate that energy conservation impacts water resources. Energy conservation can bring synergy on water resources, but it is an unsettle issue to what degree energy conservation could indirectly protect water resources. In this work, we built an accounting framework to assess the synergy of energy conservation on both water quantity and quality at regional levels. Multiregional input-output (MRIO) analysis and economic parameters such as water price and treatment costs of water resources are applied to evaluate the value of synergy. The results show that Jiangsu saved the largest quantity of water with a volume of63.7 x 10(8)m(3), while Hunan achieved the largest reduction of wastewater with a volume of 3.2 x 10(8)m(3) during 2007-2012. The total synergy was divided into two aspects: internal and external. The former was generally larger in most regions except Qinghai, Ningxia, Xinjiang, Hainan, Shaanxi, Anhui and Inner Mongolia. The results of an economic assessment show that China achieved 1.1 x 10(12) yuan of economic benefit through the synergy benefits from a holistic perspective. Jiangsu, Shanghai, Fujian, Shandong and Heilongjiang were primary beneficiaries due to their significant synergistic water saving and high shadow price of water resources. The proposed assessment framework may help understand the situation of regional resources conservation from both synergistic and economic perspectives. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 2. |
- Jin, Yi, et al.
(författare)
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Energy and water conservation synergy in China : 2007-2012
- 2017
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Ingår i: Resources, Conservation and Recycling. - : Elsevier BV. - 0921-3449 .- 1879-0658. ; 127, s. 206-215
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Energy and water issues are interrelated and have significant impacts on the economy. The amount and intensity of energy and water consumption must be controlled, which was clearly stated in the "11th Five-Year" Plan and "12th Five-Year" Plan. The energy-water nexus is a useful approach to integrate economic sectors. Energy production consumes large inputs of energy and water, while producing most of the energy required by other sectors. This synergy between energy conservation and water saving in energy sectors is intricate. This study assesses the synergistic effect between energy conservation and water saving that has been achieved by energy sectors in China during the 2007-2012 period. The research results suggest that energy sectors have completely achieved 12.40 x 10(8) m(3) water saving through energy conservation and 1.12 x 10(6) tce energy conservation through water saving. Coal, oil and gas production mainly consumed water in indirect ways, while electricity generation primarily consumed water in a direct way. The synergistic energy conservation of the electric power sector was significant and was much larger than that of the coal production sector as well as oil and gas production sector. Prominent water saving can be obtained through improved energy conservation in China's energy sectors.
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| 3. |
- Ren, Kaipeng, et al.
(författare)
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Bi-objective optimization of water management in shale gas exploration with uncertainty : A case study from Sichuan, China
- 2019
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Ingår i: Resources, Conservation and Recycling. - : ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV. - 0921-3449 .- 1879-0658. ; 143, s. 226-235
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Shale gas exploration relies heavily on freshwater inputs while generating large amounts of wastewater. With the quick development of shale gas, water management during exploration has increasingly become a hotspot from both environmental and economic perspectives. This study investigated all the key water-consuming phases in exploration and optimized the freshwater use and flowback water control using a bi-objective programming model with the consideration of uncertainties in each phase, aiming at the optimal trade-offs between economic and environmental objectives. The model conducted a case study of shale gas projects in Sichuan, China. The results show that (a) Tolerance of the uncertainty in water demand for hydraulic fracturing can effectively reduce both economic and environment cost, thereby reducing total system cost. (b) System costs depends on risk preferences of decision-makers. (c) Direct reuse is the best strategy to treat wastewater at the early phase of hydraulic fracturing; while more constraints other than onsite treatment costs should be considered when treating produced water during the production phase. (d) There exists an "economics of scale" in the water management during shale gas exploration.
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