| 1. |
- Bask, Miia, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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Pathways to educational attainment in middle adulthood : the role of gender and parental educational expectations in adolescence
- 2014
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Ingår i: Gender differences in aspirations and attainment. - Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. - 9781107645196 - 9781107021723 ; , s. 389-411
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this chapter, we apply the expectancy-value model of motivation, particularly the family socialization aspect of the model (Eccles (Parsons) et al., 1983; Eccles, 1994, 2007; Wigfield & Eccles, 2002) to address a number of key questions regarding gender differences in adult attainment, in particular educational attainment. When some individuals in the work force of today were children, what kinds of expectations did they have for themselves? What expectations did their parents have for them? Did these expectations vary for girls and boys? Were parents' expectations about their children's future education related to the actual education that these adolescents later attained in midlife? How did the child's academic ability and characteristics of the family figure into this picture? We present original empirical findings, drawing on data collected for a Swedish longitudinal study that spans from childhood to middle adulthood. In line with the expectancy-value model of motivation, the family's socioeconomic status (SES) was identified as an important predictor of several outcomes. Consistent with the model, for both genders, the family's SES and parental educational expectations in middle adolescence predicted middle adult educational attainment. The importance of grades differed by gender in that the mathematics grade was a statistically significant predictor of middle adult educational attainment for males, while for females grades in Swedish were a statistically significant predictor of middle adult educational attainment. In this chapter, we situated these study findings in the wider pertinent scholarly literature and discussed the implications of our results as they might relate to efforts to promote equitable and optimal life chances for the current generation of European girls and boys.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Bergman, Lars R., et al.
(författare)
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Career outcomes of adolescents with below average IQ : Who succeeds against the odds?
- 2015
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Ingår i: Intelligence. - : Elsevier BV. - 0160-2896 .- 1873-7935. ; 52, s. 9-17
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The educational and vocational careers of adolescents with below average IQ were studied in a sample of Swedish adolescents (N = 1326), born in 1955 and followed from early adolescence to midlife. Compared to those with average IQ, the level of education and occupational status achieved by those with below average IQ were, generally, considerably lower. This was the case, in particular, for female participants in the lowest IQ group. No significant relationships were found between parents' socioeconomic status and educational level, income, or occupational status in midlife for adolescents with low IQ (lowest 20%). When those with a successful educational or vocational career were compared to others on a number of competence factors, own educational aspirations stood out as the factor that differed most within each IQ group between those who succeeded and those who did not. The differences were largest for those of low IQ (effect sizes 0.4–1.6). These findings were consistent with results from multiple regression analyses, which, for instance, showed that, within the low IQ group and controlling for confounders, the only significant predictor of career outcomes was educational aspirations.
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| 4. |
- Bergman, Lars R., et al.
(författare)
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High IQ in early adolescence and career success in adulthood : Findings from a Swedish longitudinal study
- 2014
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Ingår i: Research in Human Development. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1542-7609 .- 1542-7617. ; 11:3, s. 165-185
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To what extent do intellectually talented adolescents pursue educational and vocational careers that match their intellectual resources? Career outcomes were compared between groups within different IQ ranges with a focus on comparing those with high IQ (top 10%, IQ > 119) to those with average IQ. Data were analyzed from the longitudinal Swedish IDA study (N = 1,326) with career outcomes measured in midlife (age 43–47). To obtain at least a master’s degree was almost 10 times more common for those of high IQ than for those of average IQ. Still, the proportion of high-IQ adolescents who did this was not high (13% of females, 34% of males) and as much as 20% of them did not even graduate from 3-year high school. For men only, there was a graded raise in income by IQ group.Within the high-IQ group there was no significant relationship between parents’ socioeconomic status and income. For men, high IQ predicted a strongly increased income/vocational level in midlife beyond what was predicted from a linear model of the IQ-outcome relationship.
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| 5. |
- Bergman, Lars R., et al.
(författare)
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Integrative summary and future research
- 2014
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Ingår i: Research in Human Development. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1542-7609 .- 1542-7617. ; 11:3, s. 237-240
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article provides a summary and treatment of the wider implications of the findings reported in four empirical articles, in which the importance for outcomes in midlife of having a high IQ was studied. All studies were based on data from the Swedish longitudinal research program Individual Development and Adaptation (N = 1,326, born 1955). Some highlights from the studies include the identification of a nonlinear relationship between IQ and a number of adult outcomes, suggesting that nonlinear IQ-outcome relationships might not be rare. In common with numerous studies of IQ-outcome relationships, parents’ socioeconomic status was found to be a moderately strong predictor of vocational outcomes when the whole sample was studied. However, within the high-IQ group no significant relationship existed. In adolescence, the adjustment for those of high IQ was often better than for those of average IQ, but in midlife this positive difference often disappeared and was in some cases reversed. Intellectually talented women as compared to intellectually talented men often had considerably less successful careers, especially vocational careers. Underachieving women as compared to women who did not underachieve also tended to have more adjustment roblems in midlife. It was concluded that schools and their personnel must be adequately supported to “make good on” society’s obligation to further the potential of students that show early intellectual talent. Given past and current inequalities of opportunity, this seems especially important for bright girls and women.
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| 6. |
- Bergman, Lars R., et al.
(författare)
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The Implications of High IQ in Early Adolescence for Education, Career, and Adjustment in Midlife : Findings from a Swedish Longitudinal Study
- 2014
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Ingår i: Research in Human Development. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1542-7609 .- 1542-7617. ; 11:3, s. 161-164
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Inquiry into what intellectual talent is and how social institutions can support intellectually talented youth are historic, internationally held concerns. This article provides an introduction to a special issue that deals with the implications of high IQ in early adolescence for several important midlife outcomes. From a societal perspective, it is vital to know the extent to which intellectually talented youth attain an advanced education and become engaged in qualified occupations. Studies in this issue document a diversity of midlife outcomes for a large, reasonably representative urban cohort of intellectually talented Swedish adolescents, as well as consider the importance of gender and social class for these outcomes.
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| 7. |
- Clausén Gull, Ingela, et al.
(författare)
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Neighborhood conditions in a Swedish context - Two studies of reliability and validity of virtual systematic social observation using Google Street View
- 2023
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078. ; 14
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: The goal of these studies was to investigate the reliability and validity of virtual systematic social observation (virtual SSO) using Google Street View in a Swedish neighborhood context.Methods: This was accomplished in two studies. Study 1 focused on interrater reliability and construct validity, comparing ratings conducted in-person to those done using Google Street View, across 24 study sites within four postal code areas. Study 2 focused on criterion validity of virtual SSO in terms of neighborhoods with low versus high income levels, including 133 study sites within 22 postal code areas in a large Swedish city. In both studies, assessment of the neighborhood context was conducted at each study site, using a protocol adapted to a Swedish context.Results: Scales for Physical Decay, Neighborhood Dangerousness, and Physical Disorder were found to be reliable, with adequate interrater reliability, high consistency across methods, and high internal consistency. In Study 2, significantly higher levels of observed Physical Decay, Neighborhood Dangerousness, and signs of garbage or litter were observed in postal codes areas (site data was aggregated to postal code level) with lower as compared to higher income levels.Discussion: We concluded that the scales within the virtual SSO with Google Street View protocol that were developed in this series of studies represents a reliable and valid measure of several key neighborhood contextual features. Implications for understanding the complex person-context interactions central to many theories of positive development among youth were discussed in relation to the study findings.
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| 8. |
- del Carmen Dominguez Espinosa, Alejandra, et al.
(författare)
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Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors and the 5Cs of Positive Youth Development in Mexico
- 2021
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Ingår i: Handbook of Positive Youth Development. - Cham : Springer Nature. - 9783030702618 - 9783030702625 ; , s. 109-121
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Healthy lifestyle behaviors (HLBs; regular fruit and vegetable intake and physical activity) share intersections with Positive Youth Development (PYD) through the promotion of health, well-being, and overall positive functioning among young people. This chapter examines such intersections in Mexico in light of pressing health concerns and the need for effective preventative approaches to reduce adolescent obesity. The chapter begins with operationalization and a summary of relevant empirical work on HLBs and the 5Cs of PYD (i.e., competence, confidence, character, connection, and caring) as a way to highlight the incremental contributions offered to the PYD field and the uniqueness of the Mexican context. The chapter follows with an illustrative empirical example from a cross-sectional self-report study with Mexican youth regarding HLBs and the 5Cs. The results from a structural equation modeling supported the reliability and validity of the HLBs and the 5Cs measures in Mexico. Further, the chapter provides evidence for positive associations among the main constructs investigated in a path model indicating that HLBs are associated with the 5Cs. The final section provides indications for research, policy, and practice based on the evidence presented in this chapter.
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| 9. |
- Dimitrova, Radosveta, et al.
(författare)
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Intergenerational transmission of ethnic identity and life satisfaction of Roma minority adolescents and their parents
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Adolescence. - : Wiley. - 0140-1971 .- 1095-9254. ; 45, s. 296-306
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigates intergeneration transmission of ethnic identity as a resource for life satisfaction of Roma adolescents and their parents. Historically, Roma represent the largest ethnic minority in Europe. They have been exposed to severe discrimination, social exclusion, and poverty. Therefore, identifying resources for their life satisfaction is theoretically and practically important. The present study included 1093 participants, of which there were 171 Roma adolescents (age: M = 14.96 years, SD = 1.85), 155 mothers (age: M = 36.16 years, SD = 5.77) and 123 fathers (age: M = 39.68 years, SD = 6.06). Further, a comparison group of 248 mainstream adolescents with their mothers (n = 221) and fathers (n = 175) was also included in the study. Adolescents and their parents provided data on ethnic identity (MEIM; Phinney, 1992) and life satisfaction (SWLS; Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffin, 1985). Results indicated that Roma youth were lower on endorsement of ethnic identity and average on life satisfaction compared to their mainstream peers. A structural equation model showed that ethnic identity was a positive predictor of life satisfaction for both adolescents and their Roma parents. Furthermore, parents' ethnic identity was a predictor of adolescent life satisfaction. We concluded that for Roma youth and their parents, ethnic identity represents a salient source for life satisfaction and an intergenerational continuity of identity and life satisfaction exists.
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| 10. |
- Dimitrova, Radosveta, et al.
(författare)
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Introduction
- 2021
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Ingår i: Roma Minority Youth Across Cultural Contexts. - : Oxford University Press. - 9780190654061 ; , s. XV-XXIV
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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