| 1. |
- Bergström, Ulf, et al.
(författare)
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Long-term effects of no-take zones in Swedish waters
- 2022
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Marine protected areas (MPAs) are increasingly established worldwide to protect and restore degraded ecosystems. However, the level of protection varies among MPAs and has been found to affect the outcome of the closure. In no-take zones (NTZs), no fishing or extraction of marine organisms is allowed. The EU Commission recently committed to protect 30% of European waters by 2030 through the updated Biodiversity Strategy. Importantly, one third of these 30% should be of strict protection. Exactly what is meant by strict protection is not entirely clear, but fishing would likely have to be fully or largely prohibited in these areas. This new target for strictly protected areas highlights the need to evaluate the ecological effects of NTZs, particularly in regions like northern Europe where such evaluations are scarce. The Swedish NTZs made up approximately two thirds of the total areal extent of NTZs in Europe a decade ago. Given that these areas have been closed for at least 10 years and can provide insights into long-term effects of NTZs on fish and ecosystems, they are of broad interest in light of the new 10% strict protection by 2030 commitment by EU member states.In total, eight NTZs in Swedish coastal and offshore waters were evaluated in the current report, with respect to primarily the responses of focal species for the conservation measure, but in some of the areas also ecosystem responses. Five of the NTZs were established in 2009-2011, as part of a government commission, while the other three had been established earlier. The results of the evaluations are presented in a synthesis and also in separate, more detailed chapters for each of the eight NTZs. Overall, the results suggest that NTZs can increase abundances and biomasses of fish and decapod crustaceans, given that the closed areas are strategically placed and of an appropriate size in relation to the life cycle of the focal species. A meta-regression of the effects on focal species of the NTZs showed that CPUE was on average 2.6 times higher after three years of protection, and 3.8 times higher than in the fished reference areas after six years of protection. The proportion of old and large individuals increased in most NTZs, and thereby also the reproductive potential of populations. The increase in abundance of large predatory fish also likely contributed to restoring ecosystem functions, such as top-down control. These effects appeared after a 5-year period and in many cases remained and continued to increase in the longer term (>10 years). In the two areas where cod was the focal species of the NTZs, positive responses were weak, likely as an effect of long-term past, and in the Kattegat still present, recruitment overfishing. In the Baltic Sea, predation by grey seal and cormorant was in some cases so high that it likely counteracted the positive effects of removing fisheries and led to stock declines in the NTZs. In most cases, the introduction of the NTZs has likely decreased the total fishing effort rather than displacing it to adjacent areas. In the Kattegat NTZ, however, the purpose was explicitly to displace an unselective coastal mixed bottom-trawl fishery targeting Norway lobster and flatfish to areas where the bycatches of mature cod were smaller. In two areas that were reopened to fishing after 5 years, the positive effects of the NTZs on fish stocks eroded quickly to pre-closure levels despite that the areas remained closed during the spawning period, highlighting that permanent closures may be necessary to maintain positive effects.We conclude from the Swedish case studies that NTZs may well function as a complement to other fisheries management measures, such as catch, effort and gear regulations. The experiences from the current evaluation show that NTZs can be an important tool for fisheries management especially for local coastal fish populations and areas with mixed fisheries, as well as in cases where there is a need to counteract adverse ecosystem effects of fishing. NTZs are also needed as reference for marine environmental management, and for understanding the effects of fishing on fish populations and other ecosystem components in relation to other pressures. MPAs where the protection of both fish and their habitats is combined may be an important instrument for ecosystembased management, where the recovery of large predatory fish may lead to a restoration of important ecosystem functions and contribute to improving decayed habitats.With the new Biodiversity Strategy, EUs level of ambition for marine conservation increases significantly, with the goal of 30% of coastal and marine waters protected by 2030, and, importantly, one third of these areas being strictly protected. From a conservation perspective, rare, sensitive and/or charismatic species or habitats are often in focus when designating MPAs, and displacement of fisheries is then considered an unwanted side effect. However, if the establishment of strictly protected areas also aims to rebuild fish stocks, these MPAs should be placed in heavily fished areas and designed to protect depleted populations by accounting for their home ranges to generate positive outcomes. Thus, extensive displacement of fisheries is required to reach benefits for depleted populations, and need to be accounted for e.g. by specific regulations outside the strictly protected areas. These new extensive EU goals for MPA establishment pose a challenge for management, but at the same time offer an opportunity to bridge the current gap between conservation and fisheries management.
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| 2. |
- Bryhn, Andreas, et al.
(författare)
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Ekosystemtjänsternas roll i havsmiljöarbetet - kopplingar från Havsmiljödirektivets deskriptorer och från svenska miljökvalitetsnormer samt implikationer för ekosystemräkenskaper
- 2020
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Marina ekosystemtjänster (ekosystemens nyttor för människor) är ofta högt värderade. I svensk och europeisk miljölagstiftning och havsmiljöförvaltning har ekosystemtjänster kommit att spela en allt större roll. I svensk havsmiljöförvaltning är ”deskriptorer” och ”miljökvalitetsnormer” nyckelbegrepp för att forma förvaltningens målbilder och som kopplar till EU:s Havsmiljödirektiv och svenska miljömål. Dessa är i sin tur knutna till indikatorer, mätbara variabler som kvantifierar miljöns tillstånd. Detta PM syftar till att undersöka och utvärdera koppllingar från deskriptorer och miljökvalitetsnormer till marina ekosystemtjänster, som en del av en bredare utveckling av havsmiljöarbetet. Därtill diskuteras mänskliga aktiviteters koppling till marina ekosystemtjänster. Slutligen föreslås möjliga angreppssätt på väg till ett system för ekosystemräkenskaper för marina ekosystemtjänster, där värdet av tillgången på ekosystemtjänsterna kan utgöra en del av ett lands nationalräkenskaper.
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| 3. |
- Bryhn, Andreas, et al.
(författare)
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Fisk- och skaldjursbestånd i hav och sötvatten 2020 : Resursöversikt
- 2021
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I rapporten kan du ta del av bedömningen som görs av situationen för bestånd som regleras inom ramen för EU:s gemensamma fiskeripolitik (GFP). Bedömningarna baseras på det forskningssamarbete och den rådgivning som sker inom det Internationella Havsforskningsrådet (ICES). Totalt redovisas underlag och råd för 48 fisk- och skaldjursarter.De bestånd som förvaltas nationellt baseras på de biologiska underlagen, och rådgivningen i huvudsak på den forskning och övervakning samt analys som bedrivs av Institutionen för akvatiska resurser vid Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet (SLU Aqua) samt yrkesfiskets rapportering.
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| 4. |
- Faithfull, Carolyn, et al.
(författare)
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Kunskapsunderlag för ekosystembaserad havsförvaltning i Bottenhavet
- 2021
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Ekosystembaserad havsförvaltning anges som ett viktigt verktyg för att nå Sveriges miljömål. Denna rapport tar ett första steg i riktning mot ett vetenskapligt underlag för att stödja ekosystembaserad havsförvaltning i ett pilotområde i södra Bottenhavet. Ekosystemkomponenter (dvs. arter och livsmiljöer) som är viktiga för modellering av ekosystemet identifieras och deras status samt faktorer som påverkar dem redovisas. Även kunskapsluckor kopplade till påverkansfaktorer diskuteras, samt hur dessa påverkansfaktorer integreras med ekosystemkomponenterna, liksom vilka ekosystemtjänster som ekosystemkomponenterna bidrar till. Många av ekosystemkomponenterna har inte god miljöstatus, särskilt grunda bottnar som har ett högt exploateringstryck. Oroväckande nog saknas det övervakning av både grunda kustnära mjukbottnar och utsjöbankar, fastän dessa områden är av intresse för exploatering samtidigt som de har hög biodiversitet och är kopplade till många ekosystemtjänster. Dock finns det en del data tillgängligt i området som kan användas vid modellering för att ta fram kartor över ekosystemkomponenter och även ekosystemtjänster, som kan vara viktiga underlag för ekosystembaserad förvaltning i södra Bottenhavet. I flera fall är kunskapen om belastningar i södra Bottenhavet och hur de kopplar till statusen av ekosystemkomponenter relativt god, men det saknas information om kumulativa effekter av påverkansfaktorer. Många av de marina arter som finns längst in i Östersjön lever här vid sin nordliga utbredningsgräns, vilket kan innebära att de är extra känsliga för mänskliga belastningar och klimatförändring. Storskaligt fiske efter strömming i utsjön och dess effekter på strömmingsbestånden kan påverka ekosystemets funktion. Strömmingen är talrik och spelar en stor roll i södra Bottenhavets ekosystem. Eftersom strömming vandrar mellan utsjön och kusten kan den koppla samman näringsvävar i kust och utsjö. I Bottenhavets område kan man se tydliga intressekonflikter gällande resursförvaltning. Traditionella lokala näringar baserar sig mycket på fiske av strömming och laxfisk, men vikande fångster av den mer storvuxna strömming som fiskas för humankonsumtion, liksom av laxfisk, skapar problem för det kustnära yrkesfisket. Här finns en uppenbar konkurrenssituation både med det storskaliga pelagiska fisket i utsjön och med naturliga predatorer. Dessa konflikter är svåra att lösa med de förvaltningsmetoder som används idag. Södra Bottenhavets ekosystem skulle sannolikt gynnas av en mer helhetsbaserad förvaltning av fiskbestånden och livsmiljöer, utifrån samtliga faktorer som påverkar dem. I kustområdet gäller detta även, inte minst, de områden där gösens och sikens status är mycket svag, liksom viktiga områden för rekrytering av gädda. En sådan mer helhetsbaserad förvaltning innefattar en samplanering av fiskeregleringar, skyddade områden och åtgärder för att restaurera och skydda diverse livsmiljöer. Förbättring av livsmiljöer för fisk förväntas även gynna andra delar av den biologiska mångfalden och ekosystemtjänster, inklusive olika arters motståndskraft och förmåga att anpassa sig till pågående klimatförändringar.
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| 5. |
- Fetterplace, Lachlan, et al.
(författare)
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AquaticVID: a low cost, extended battery life, plug-and-go video system for aquatic research
- 2023
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Ingår i: Research Ideas and Outcomes. - 2367-7163. ; 9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AquaticVID is a low-cost, long battery life video camera system for use in a wide-range of aquatic research applications. The system can be deployed for multiple day recording on a single charge, is submersible to depths of down to 950 m and can be constructed quickly using easily sourced off-the-shelf materials. The system is essentially ‘plug-and-go’, as assembly and preparation for deployment takes < 30 minutes without the need for technical build or programming skills. All of the electrical components are interchangeable with parts from multiple manufacturers and the camera system can be adapted to fit a variety of waterproof enclosure sizes depending on power and data storage requirements. Here, we describe three versions of the AquaticVID in detail and give examples of above and below water research undertaken with the system. The small size and extended battery times, coupled with ease of use and low cost (US$ 268–540) make the AquaticVID a useful option for numerous aquatic research applications.
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| 6. |
- Fetterplace, Lachlan
(författare)
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Continental‐scale acoustic telemetry and network analysis reveal new insights into stock structure
- 2021
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Ingår i: Fish and Fisheries. - : Wiley. - 1467-2960 .- 1467-2979. ; 22, s. 987-1005
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Delineation of population structure (i.e. stocks) is crucial to successfully manage exploited species and to address conservation concerns for threatened species. Fish migration and associated movements are key mechanisms through which discrete populations mix and are thus important determinants of population structure. Detailed information on fish migration and movements is becoming more accessible through advances in telemetry and analysis methods however such information is not yet used systematically in stock structure assessment. Here, we described how detections of acoustically tagged fish across a continental-scale array of underwater acoustic receivers were used to assess stock structure and connectivity in seven teleost and seven shark species and compared to findings from genetic and conventional tagging. Network analysis revealed previously unknown population connections in some species, and in others bolstered support for existing stock discrimination by identifying nodes and routes important for connectivity. Species with less variability in their movements required smaller sample sizes (45-50 individuals) to reveal useful stock structure information. Our study shows the power of continental-scale acoustic telemetry networks to detect movements among fishery jurisdictions. We highlight methodological issues that need to be considered in the design of acoustic telemetry studies for investigating stock structure and the interpretation of the resulting data. The advent of broad-scale acoustic telemetry networks across the globe provides new avenues to understand how movement informs population structure and can lead to improved management.
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| 7. |
- Fetterplace, Lachlan
(författare)
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Conversations Under the Canopy: Aggregating Juvenile Mangrove Whiprays Actively Produce Sound
- 2024
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Ingår i: The Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America. ; 105
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- New evidence from Magnetic Island on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, shows that the mangrove whipray (Urogymnus granulatus) can actively produce sounds. Juvenile mangrove whiprays appear to make loud clicking noises as an agonistic display, either to warn off and startle predators or to signal to other nearby juveniles to aggregate in defense. Though it is clear that elasmobranchs (sharks, rays, and skates) can hear and respond to sounds in various ways, until now, there have been no confirmed examples of active sound production by this group in the wild.
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| 8. |
- Fetterplace, Lachlan
(författare)
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Effects and effectiveness of lethal shark hazard management: The Shark Meshing (Bather Protection) Program, NSW, Australia
- 2020
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Ingår i: People and nature - a journal of relational thinking. - : Wiley. - 2575-8314. ; 2, s. 189-203
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- 1. ‘Shark attack’ presents a considerable social-environmental challenge. Each year a small number of people are injured or killed by shark bite. Concurrently, sharks and other marine life are subject to unprecedented anthropogenic pressures. 2. Shark hazard management varies globally, but lethal strategies are common, with negative consequences for species and environments. Of particular concern are the effects for threatened species.3. Lethal strategies have recently come under criticism, based on the negative effects for marine life, effectiveness for human safety and inconsistency with contempo-rary values. Moves to improve both safety and conservation can be hindered by polarized debate. 4. We present a case study of the world's longest-running lethal shark hazard man-agement program, the Shark Meshing (Bather Protection) Program, New South Wales, Australia. We take an interdisciplinary approach to bring into conversa-tion factors that contribute to safety and conservation outcomes. To date, most research focuses on one or other of these areas. We seek to synthesize the factors that are not previously considered in relation to each other. 5. Our aims were to: (a) identify and critique the diverse factors that determine the outcomes of the program; (b) assess the negative effects of the program for sharks and other marine life; and (c) assess the effectiveness of the program for reducing threat of shark interactions. 6. We find that: (a) multiple social and environmental factors contribute to pro-gram outcomes; (b) total shark numbers and populations of key target species – white shark (Carcharodon carcharias), tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier) and bull shark (Carcharhinus leucas) – have declined over the program's 80 years, as have a number of non-target species; (c) incidence of shark bite has declined since the program's introduction, but two external points warrant attention. 7. First, key factors influencing the shark bite incidence are frequently overlooked, namely changing cultures of beach- and ocean-use, advances in beach patrol, and emergency and medical response. Second, the proportion of bites leading to fatal-ity has decreased significantly in recent decades. 8. Beach patrol and emergency response contribute to human safety and well-being without the negative consequences of lethal strategies. As such, they offer a focus for future shark hazard management and research
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Fetterplace, Lachlan
(författare)
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Globally coordinated acoustic aquatic animal tracking reveals unexpected, ecologically important movements across oceans, lakes and rivers
- 2024
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Ingår i: Ecography. - 0906-7590 .- 1600-0587. ; 2024
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Acoustic telemetry is a popular approach used to track many different aquatic animal taxa in marine and freshwater systems. However, information derived from focal studies is typically resource- and geography-limited by the extent and placement of acoustic receivers. Even so, animals tagged and tracked in one region or study may be detected unexpectedly at distant locations by other researchers using compatible equipment, who ideally share that information. Synergies through national and global acoustic tracking networks are facilitating significant discoveries and unexpected observations that yield novel insight into the movement ecology and habitat use of wild animals. Here, we present a selection of case studies that highlight unexpected tracking observations or absence of observations where we expected to find animals in aquatic systems around the globe. These examples span freshwater and marine systems across spatiotemporal scales ranging from adjacent watersheds to distant ocean regions. These unexpected movements showcase the power of collaborative telemetry networks and serendipitous observations. Unique and unexpected observations such as those presented here can capture the imagination of both researchers and members of the public, and improve understanding of movement and connectivity within aquatic ecosystems.
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