| 1. |
- Birkinshaw, Julian, et al.
(författare)
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Organizing for Innovation in Large Firms
- 2000
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Determining how a firm can best be organized to facilitate innovation is a topic of central importance to managers and academics alike and is thus the focus of this paper. Specifically, this paper focuses on two important components of organizing for innovation: design of R&D resource allocation systems and the use of external sources of technology. The study makes a theoretical contribution by developing the metaphor of the "internal market" as useful mechanism for resource allocation inside the firm. In addition, the research benefits from using a two-phase empirical approach. The first phase consists of four in-depth case studies of HP, ABB, Ericsson, and Xerox's global R&D organizations. For the second phase of the study, a questionnaire was developed to test the study's hypotheses on a sample of 103 large firms. The study's key findings are that increased use of external sources of technology results in increased efficiency, but decreased effectiveness. However, results also indicate that it is always important to perform environmental scanning activities. No strong relationships were observed between the use of internal markets as a resource allocation system and firm performance. The case studies reveal that this lack of relationship is likely because leading firms have learned to develop checks and balances to help overcome the weaknesses that their resource allocation system possesses.
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| 2. |
- Colleoni, Marco, et al.
(författare)
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Site of primary tumor has a prognostic role in operable breast cancer: the international breast cancer study group experience.
- 2005
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Ingår i: Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. - 0732-183X. ; 23:7, s. 1390-400
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- PURPOSE: Cancer presenting at the medial site of the breast may have a worse prognosis compared with tumors located in external quadrants. For medial tumors, axillary lymph node staging may not accurately reflect the metastatic potential of the disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eight-thousand four-hundred twenty-two patients randomly assigned to International Breast Cancer Study Group clinical trials between 1978 and 1999 were classified as medial site (1,622; 19%) or lateral, central, and other sites (6,800; 81%). Median follow-up was 11 years. RESULTS: A statistically significant difference was observed for patients with medial tumors versus those with nonmedial tumors in disease-free survival (DFS; 10-year DFS, 46% v 48%; HR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.18; P = .01) and overall survival (10-year OS 59% v 61%; HR, 1.09; 1.01 to 1.19; P = .04). This difference increased after adjustment for other prognostic factors (HR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.13 to 1.32 for DFS; and HR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.14 to 1.35 for OS; both P = .0001). The risk of relapse for patients with medial presentation was largest for the node-negative cohort and for patients with tumors larger than 2 cm. In the subgroup of 2,931 patients with negative axillary lymph nodes, 10-year DFS was 61% v 67%, and OS was 73% v 80% for medial versus nonmedial sites, respectively (HR 1.33; 95% CI, 1.15 to 1.54; P = .0001 for DFS; and HR 1.40; 95% CI, 1.17 to 1.67; P = .0003 for OS). CONCLUSION: Tumor site has a significant prognostic utility, especially for axillary lymph node-negative disease, that should be considered in therapeutic algorithms. New staging procedures such as biopsy of the sentinel internal mammary nodes or novel imaging methods should be further studied in patients with medial tumors.
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| 3. |
- Doern, Rachel R., et al.
(författare)
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E-commerce developments and strategies for value creation: The case of Russia
- 2006
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Ingår i: Journal of world business : JWB. - : Elsevier Inc. - 1878-5573 .- 1090-9516. ; 41:4, s. 315-327
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This inductive interview-based study aims to develop a model which describes the kinds of e-commerce business models that create value in Russia. We suggest that prior e-commerce research has not paid enough attention to the environment's role in determining how value is created by different e-commerce business models and thus explore how key factors in the environment impact the development and effectiveness of e-commerce. The study also identifies eight key drivers of e-commerce value creation in Russia (accessibility, ease of search, ease of use, trust, complementarities, novelty, lock-in, and efficiency). The interaction between these value drivers and characteristics of the external environment affect how value is created by e-commerce business models in Russia.
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| 4. |
- Fey, Carl F., et al.
(författare)
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External Sources of Knowledge, Governance Mode, and R&D Performance
- 2005
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Ingår i: Journal of Management. - : Sage Publications. - 1557-1211 .- 0149-2063. ; 31:4, s. 597-621
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article examines how the choice of governance mode for external R&D, along with openness to new ideas and codifiability of knowledge, affects R&D performance. Superior R&D performance is therefore viewed as arising through (a) the choice of approaches used by the firm to access knowledge from outside (university partnering, alliance partnering, and contracting), (b) the knowledge context of the firm (its openness to new ideas and the codifiability of its knowledge assets), and (c) the interactions between these two sets of factors. These arguments are tested, and mostly supported, using data on the R&D activities of 107 large firms based in the United Kingdom and Sweden.
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| 5. |
- Fey, Carl F., et al.
(författare)
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How Similar Is the World in the Internet Era? A Comparison of E-Business in China, Russia, and Sweden
- 2006
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Ingår i: Thunderbird international business review. - : Wiley. - 1520-6874 .- 1096-4762. ; 48:5, s. 727-747
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Much has been written about how e-business can serve as a strong homogenizing influence and essentially make the world into one market. Yet, little research has empirically investigated this question. This study seeks to describe e-business activity in China, Sweden, and Russia to identify similarities and differences in the portfolios of e-business applications in these countries. Our results indicate that different e-business applications are emerging as more prevalent in different countries. (C) 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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| 6. |
- Fey, Carl F, et al.
(författare)
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Joint venture conflict: the case of Russian international joint ventures
- 2000
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Ingår i: International business review. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 1873-6149 .- 0969-5931. ; 9:2, s. 139-162
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper investigates the importance of firms forming joint ventures having similar organizational climates such that the chances of inter-party conflict arising will be minimized. The study is based on 40 Russian international joint ventures (IJVs) and has both qualitative and quantitative elements. Support was provided for inter-party IJV conflict being an important outcome of IJV activity to monitor (and try to minimize) when evaluating IJV success. Further, evidence was presented to show that similar firms forming an IJV are more likely to have less conflict than more dissimilar firms.
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| 7. |
- Fey, Carl F., et al.
(författare)
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Organizational Culture and Effectiveness : The Case Of Foreign Firms in Russia
- 2000
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper extends the literature on organizational culture and effectiveness by examining a set of foreign-owned firms operating in Russia. Beginning with an existing model of organizational culture and effectiveness, the paper presents two linked studies. The first study is a survey of 179 firms designed to test the applicability of the model in the Russian context. The second study presents four case studies designed to ground the empirical results in the Russian context and identify areas where the model may need to be extended or reinterpreted. The results of both studies are interpreted with respect to the literature on Russian management practices. The discussion includes several recommendations for future research.
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| 8. |
- Fey, Carl F., et al.
(författare)
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The Effect of Human Resource Management Practices on MNC Subsidiary Performance in Russia
- 2000
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This study investigates the relationship between human resource management (HRM) and the performance of 101 foreign-owned subsidiaries in Russia. The study's results provide support for the assertion that investments in HRM practices can substantially help a firm perform better. Further, different HRM practices for managerial and non-managerial employees are found to be significantly related with firm performance. However, only limited support is obtained for the hypothesized relationship between efforts at aligning HRM practices with firm strategy and subsidiary performance.
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| 9. |
- Gruber, Günther, et al.
(författare)
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Prognostic value of extracapsular tumor spread for locoregional control in premenopausal patients with node-positive breast cancer treated with classical cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil: long-term observations from International Breast Cancer Study Group Trial VI.
- 2005
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Ingår i: Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. - 0732-183X. ; 23:28, s. 7089-97
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- PURPOSE: We sought to determine retrospectively whether extracapsular spread (ECS) might identify a subgroup that could benefit from radiotherapy after mastectomy, especially patients with 1 to 3 positive lymph nodes (LN1-3+). PATIENTS AND METHODS: We randomized 1,475 premenopausal women with node-positive breast cancer to three, six, or nine courses of "classical" CMF (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil). After a review of all pathology forms, 933 patients (63%) had information on the presence or absence of ECS. ECS was present in 49.5%. The median follow-up was 10 years. RESULTS: In univariate analyses, ECS was associated with worse disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). In multivariate analyses adjusting for tumor size, vessel invasion, surgery type, and age group, ECS remained significant (DFS: hazard ratio, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.34 to 1.93; P < .0001; OS: 1.67; 95% CI, 1.34 to 2.08; P < .0001). However, ECS was not significant when the number of positive nodes was added. The locoregional failure rate +/- distant failure (LRF +/- distant failure) within 10 years was estimated at 19% (+/- 2%) without ECS, versus 27% (+/- 2%) with ECS. The difference was statistically significant in univariate analyses, but not after adjusting for the number of positive nodes. No independent effect of ECS on DFS, OS, or LRF could be confirmed within the subgroup of 382 patients with LN1-3+ treated with mastectomy without radiotherapy. CONCLUSION: Our results do not support an independent prognostic value of ECS, nor its use as an indication for irradiation in premenopausal patients with LN1-3+ treated with classical CMF. However, we could not examine whether extensive ECS is of prognostic importance.
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| 10. |
- Morgulis-Yakushev, S, et al.
(författare)
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When same is (not) the aim : A treatise on organizational cultural fit and knowledge transfer
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of world business (Print). - : ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC. - 1090-9516 .- 1878-5573. ; 53:2, s. 151-163
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Multinationals (MNCs) need to find the balance between developing a globally standardized organizational culture and having multiple locally- adapted organizational cultures. Past literature embodies the bias that differences between MNC units, unless managed, would lead to adverse consequences. To counter this negative bias, we focus on cultural fit, which is the amount of difference yielding maximum benefit. We argue that depending on comparison criterion and desired outcome, fit could be achieved by establishing similarities or maintaining differences. Using evolutionary economics, we explore knowledge transfer within MNCs and test our hypotheses on fit using a unique dyadic dataset from 186 MNCs.
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