| 1. |
- Balta, Diletta, et al.
(författare)
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A Model-Based Markerless Protocol for Clinical Gait Analysis Based on a Single RGB-Depth Camera: Concurrent Validation on Patients With Cerebral Palsy
- 2023
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Ingår i: IEEE ACCESS. - 2169-3536. ; 11, s. 144377-144393
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Clinical gait analysis is a diagnostic tool often used for identifying and quantifying gait alterations in cerebral palsy (CP) patients. To date, 3D clinical gait analysis protocols based on motion capture systems featuring multiple infrared cameras and retroreflective markers to be attached to the subject's skin are considered the gold standard. However, the need for fully dedicated personnel and space in addition to the inconvenient requirement of multiple markers attached on the patient's body limit their use in the clinical practice. To shorten the time necessary to setup the patient and to limit his/her discomfort motion tracking performed using markerless technologies may offer a promising alternative to marker-based motion capture. This study aims at proposing and validating on 18 CP patients, an original markerless clinical gait analysis protocol based on a single RGB-D camera. Accuracy and reliability of the spatial-temporal parameters and sagittal lower limb joint kinematics were assessed based on a 3D marker-based clinical gait analysis protocol. The smallest percent mean absolute errors were obtained for stride duration (2%), followed by the step and stride length (2.2% and 2.5%, respectively) and by gait speed (3.1%). The average angular offset values between the two protocols were 8 degrees for the ankle, 6 degrees for the knee and 7 degrees for the hip joint. The smallest root mean square error values were found for the knee joint kinematics (3.2 degrees), followed by the hip (3.5 degrees) and the ankle (4.5 degrees). Both protocols showed a good-to-excellent reliability. Thus, this study demonstrated the technical validity of a markerless single-camera protocol for clinical gait analysis in CP population. The dataset containing markerless data from 10 CP patients along with the MATLAB codes have been made available.
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| 2. |
- Cocchi, Ilaria, et al.
(författare)
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A 2D markerless gait analysis protocol to estimate the sagittal joint kinematics of children with cerebral palsy
- 2019
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Ingår i: 2019 IEEE 23RD INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON CONSUMER TECHNOLOGIES (ISCT). - : IEEE. - 9781728135700 ; , s. 192-196
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The quantitative analysis of human movement provides a deep understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying locomotion. The traditional marker-based stereo-photogrammetric systems and clinical protocols for motion analysis, although very accurate, have a number of disadvantages that limit their use to large clinical facilities. Among the disadvantages is the use of markers on the body, which can make the patient uneasy, especially children with cerebral palsy. To overcome the limitations of the marker-based stereophotogrammetry and to guarantee accuracy, reproducibility and usability of the measurement, a new markerless protocol is introduced, which, estimates the lower limb sagittal joint kinematics from RGB video images combined with measurements from an infrared depth (D) sensor. The validity of the markerless protocol is demonstrated by comparing the estimates obtained, with those resulting from the application of a common protocol applied to marker-based measurements. The joint kinematics patterns obtained from the ML protocol and the one of reference showed a good agreement after removing the angular offsets with RMSD values between 3.5 and 5 degrees for all joints and R values between 0.8 and 1. The interpretation of the differences found in this study should be treated carefully since they are the results not only of different measurement systems but also of different protocols (2D vs 3D). The proposed protocol for the estimation of the 2D joint kinematics of the lower limbs from RGB-D sensor data is a promising low-cost and simple solution for monitoring children with cerebral palsy.
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| 3. |
- Pantzar-Castilla, Evelina, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
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Knee joint sagittal plane movement in cerebral palsy : a comparative study of 2-dimensional markerless video and 3-dimensional gait analysis
- 2018
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Ingår i: Acta Orthopaedica. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 1745-3674 .- 1745-3682. ; 89:6, s. 656-661
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background and purpose: Gait analysis is indicated in children with cerebral palsy (CP) to identify and quantify gait deviations. One particularly difficult-to-treat deviation, crouch gait, can progress in adolescence and ultimately limit the ability to ambulate. An objective quantitative assessment is essential to early identify progressive gait impairments in children with CP. 3-dimensional gait analysis (3D GA) is considered the gold standard, although it is expensive, seldom available, and unnecessarily detailed for screening and follow-up. Simple video assessments are time-consuming when processed manually, but more convenient if used in conjunction with video processing algorithms; this has yet been validated in CP. We validate a 2-dimensional markerless (2D ML) assessment of knee joint flexion/extension angles of the gait cycle in children and young adults with CP.Patients and methods: 18 individuals, mean age 15 years (6.5-28), participated. 11 had bilateral, 3 unilateral, 3 dyskinetic, and 1 ataxic CP. In the Gross Motor Function Classification System, 6 were at level I, 11 at level II, and 1 at level III. We compared 2D ML, using a single video camera with computer processing, and 3D GA.Results: The 2D ML method overestimated the knee flexion/extension angle values by 3.3 to 7.0 degrees compared with 3D GA. The reliability within 2D ML and 3D GA was mostly good to excellent.Interpretation: Despite overestimating, 2D ML is a reliable and convenient tool to assess knee angles and, more importantly, to detect changes over time within a follow-up program in ambulatory children with CP.
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