| 1. |
- Ademuyiwa, Adesoji O., et al.
(författare)
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Determinants of morbidity and mortality following emergency abdominal surgery in children in low-income and middle-income countries
- 2016
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Ingår i: BMJ Global Health. - : BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. - 2059-7908. ; 1:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Child health is a key priority on the global health agenda, yet the provision of essential and emergency surgery in children is patchy in resource-poor regions. This study was aimed to determine the mortality risk for emergency abdominal paediatric surgery in low-income countries globally.Methods: Multicentre, international, prospective, cohort study. Self-selected surgical units performing emergency abdominal surgery submitted prespecified data for consecutive children aged <16 years during a 2-week period between July and December 2014. The United Nation's Human Development Index (HDI) was used to stratify countries. The main outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality, analysed by multilevel logistic regression.Results: This study included 1409 patients from 253 centres in 43 countries; 282 children were under 2 years of age. Among them, 265 (18.8%) were from low-HDI, 450 (31.9%) from middle-HDI and 694 (49.3%) from high-HDI countries. The most common operations performed were appendectomy, small bowel resection, pyloromyotomy and correction of intussusception. After adjustment for patient and hospital risk factors, child mortality at 30 days was significantly higher in low-HDI (adjusted OR 7.14 (95% CI 2.52 to 20.23), p<0.001) and middle-HDI (4.42 (1.44 to 13.56), p=0.009) countries compared with high-HDI countries, translating to 40 excess deaths per 1000 procedures performed.Conclusions: Adjusted mortality in children following emergency abdominal surgery may be as high as 7 times greater in low-HDI and middle-HDI countries compared with high-HDI countries. Effective provision of emergency essential surgery should be a key priority for global child health agendas.
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| 2. |
- Bednarsek, Nina, et al.
(författare)
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Polar Ocean Acidification : LOSS OF RESOURCES FROM THE “OTHER” CO2 PROBLEM
- 2015
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Ingår i: Thresholds and Closing December. RISKS OF IRREVERSIBLE CRYOSPHERE CLIMATE CHANGE. The International Cryosphere Climate Initiative. ; , s. 19-22
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Although technically not “cryosphere” (which is frozen water), the Arctic Ocean, and Southern Ocean around Antarctica make up some of the world’s richest fisheries, with diverse marine ecosystems. These cold waters are however highly vulnerable to ocean acidification from increased carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere. We already are crossing important ocean acidification thresholds in these regions, with early impacts possibly observed on some polar ocean species. There is substantial risk that ocean acidification will damage ecosystems and weaken the food chain in these important resource waters, even should countries meet the stated 2 degree goal, which entails atmospheric CO2 levels peaking at 450ppm. However, CO2 concentrations associated with current INDCs in the 2.7–3.5 degree range are far higher still, anticipated to peak potentially above 600ppm. At such high levels, and because of the very long time scales required for acidity to decrease, there is high risk for irreversible impacts on biodiversity in the Arctic and Southern oceans, with consequences for polar and near-polar fisheries and human activities.
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| 3. |
- Burdett, Heidi L., et al.
(författare)
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The effect of chronic and acute low pH on the intracellular DMSP production and epithelial cell morphology of red coralline algae
- 2012
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Ingår i: Marine Biology Research. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1745-1000 .- 1745-1019. ; 8:8, s. 756-763
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The release of dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSP) by marine algae has major impacts on the global sulphur cycle and may influence local climate through the formation of dimethylsulphide (DMS). However, the effect of global change on DMSP/DMS (DMS(P)) production by algae is not well understood. This study examined the effect of low pH on DMS(P) production and epithelial cell morphology of the free-living red coralline alga Lithothamnion glaciale. Three pH treatments were used in the 80-day experiment: (1) current pH level (8.18, control), (2) low, chronic pH representing a 2100 ocean acidification (OA) scenario (7.70) and (3) low, acute pH (7.75, with a 3-day spike to 6.47), representing acute variable conditions that might be associated with leaks from carbon capture and storage infrastructure, at CO2 vent sites or in areas of upwelling. DMS(P) production was not significantly enhanced under low, stable pH conditions, indicating that red coralline algae may have some resilience to OA. However, intracellular and water column DMS(P) concentrations were significantly higher than the control when pH was acutely spiked. Cracks were observed between the cell walls of the algal skeleton in both low pH treatments. It is proposed that this structural change may cause membrane damage that allows DMS(P) to leak from the cells into the water column, with subsequent implications for the cycling of DMS(P) in coralline algae habitats.
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| 4. |
- Kamenos, Nicholas A., et al.
(författare)
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Coralline algal structure is more sensitive to rate, rather than the magnitude, of ocean acidification
- 2013
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Ingår i: Global Change Biology. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1354-1013 .- 1365-2486. ; 19:12, s. 3621-3628
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Marine pCO2 enrichment via ocean acidification (OA), upwelling and release from carbon capture and storage (CCS) facilities is projected to have devastating impacts on marine biomineralisers and the services they provide. However, empirical studies using stable endpoint pCO2 concentrations find species exhibit variable biological and geochemical responses rather than the expected negative patterns. In addition, the carbonate chemistry of many marine systems is now being observed to be more variable than previously thought. To underpin more robust projections of future OA impacts on marine biomineralisers and their role in ecosystem service provision, we investigate coralline algal responses to realistically variable scenarios of marine pCO2 enrichment. Coralline algae are important in ecosystem function; providing habitats and nursery areas, hosting high biodiversity, stabilizing reef structures and contributing to the carbon cycle. Red coralline marine algae were exposed for 80 days to one of three pH treatments: (i) current pH (control); (ii) low pH (7.7) representing OA change; and (iii) an abrupt drop to low pH (7.7) representing the higher rates of pH change observed at natural vent systems, in areas of upwelling and during CCS releases. We demonstrate that red coralline algae respond differently to the rate and the magnitude of pH change induced by pCO2 enrichment. At low pH, coralline algae survived by increasing their calcification rates. However, when the change to low pH occurred at a fast rate we detected, using Raman spectroscopy, weaknesses in the calcite skeleton, with evidence of dissolution and molecular positional disorder. This suggests that, while coralline algae will continue to calcify, they may be structurally weakened, putting at risk the ecosystem services they provide. Notwithstanding evolutionary adaptation, the ability of coralline algae to cope with OA may thus be determined primarily by the rate, rather than magnitude, at which pCO2 enrichment occurs.
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| 5. |
- McGuigan, Fiona, et al.
(författare)
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Large-scale population-based study shows no association between common polymorphisms of the TGFB1 gene and BMD in women
- 2007
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Ingår i: Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. - : Wiley. - 1523-4681 .- 0884-0431. ; 22:2, s. 195-202
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: The gene encoding TGFBI is a strong functional candidate for genetic susceptibility to osteoporosis. Several polymorphisms have been identified in TGFB1, and previous work has suggested that allelic variants of TGFBI. may regulate BMD and susceptibility to osteoporotic fracture. Materials and Methods: We studied the relationship between common polymorphisms of TGFBI and several osteoporosis-related phenotypes including BMD at the lumbar spine and femoral neck, measured by DXA; bone loss over a 6-year period; biochemical markers of bone turnover (urinary free deoxypyridinoline and free pyridinoline/creatinine ratio and serum N-terminal propeptide of type 1 collagen), and fractures in a population-based study of 2975 women from the United Kingdom. Participants were genotyped for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the TGFB1 promoter(G-800A; rs1800468; C-509T; rs1800469), exon 1 (T29C; rs1982073 and G74C; rs1982073); and exon 5 (C788T; rs1800471) on PCR-generated fragments of genomic DNA. Haplotypes were constructed from genotype data using the PHASE software program, and genotypes and haplotypes were related to the phenotypes of interest using general linear model ANOVA, with correction for confounding factors including age, height, weight, menopausal status, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) use, physical activity score, and dietary calcium intake. Results: The polymorphisms were in strong linkage disequilibrium, and four common haplotypes accounted for > 95% of alleles at the locus. There was no association between individual SNPs and BMD, bone loss, or biochemical markers of bone turnover. Haplotype analysis showed a nominally significant association with femoral neck BMD (p = 0.042) and with incident osteoporotic fracture (p = 0.013), but these were not significant after correcting for multiple testing. Conclusions: Common polymorphic variants of the TGFBI gene did not influence BMD or bone loss in this population.
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| 6. |
- Plusquellec, Pierrich, et al.
(författare)
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Pilot study on the effects of the DeStresse et Progresse program for 6th grade children integrated in a secondary school
- 2015
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Ingår i: Éducation et Francophonie. - : Consortium Erudit. - 0849-1089 .- 1916-8659. ; 43:2, s. 6-29
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Selon des études précédentes, l’événement que représente la transition du primaire au secondaire suscite une augmentation significative de cortisol (hormone de stress) chez les adolescents. Le programme DéStresse et Progresse est un programme de prévention du stress et de ses troubles associés, issu des travaux réalisés ces dernières années dans le domaine de la biologie du stress. Ce programme, testé et validé auprès d’adolescents en première année de l’école secondaire, a montré des effets significatifs sur le niveau de cortisol et sur le niveau de symptômes dépressifs des jeunes les plus à risque. La présente étude a pour objectif d’évaluer les effets du programme sur un groupe restreint de sujets vivant leur dernière année du primaire, mais dans une structure particulière, puisque ce groupe est déjà intégré à une école secondaire. Quarante-neuf sujets, répartis dans deux classes, ont donc participé à une étude selon un devis prétest / post-test à mesures répétées. Contrairement à ce qui était attendu, les résultats montrent une augmentation moyenne significative de cortisol salivaire au cours de notre étude, augmentation qui pourrait être attribuée à la transition précoce résultant de l’intégration de notre échantillon à l’école secondaire. Par contre, une amélioration des performances cognitives et de l’estime de soi ainsi qu’une diminution des symptômes dépressifs pour l’ensemble des élèves peuvent être suggérés à la suite du programme.
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| 7. |
- Werner, Kirstin, et al.
(författare)
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Arctic in Rapid Transition : Priorities for the future of marine and coastal research in the Arctic
- 2016
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Ingår i: Polar Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-9652 .- 1876-4428. ; 10:3, s. 364-373
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Understanding and responding to the rapidly occurring environmental changes in the Arctic over the past few decades require new approaches in science. This includes improved collaborations within the scientific community but also enhanced dialogue between scientists and societal stakeholders, especially with Arctic communities. As a contribution to the Third International Conference on Arctic Research Planning (ICARPIII), the Arctic in Rapid Transition (ART) network held an international workshop in France, in October 2014, in order to discuss high-priority requirements for future Arctic marine and coastal research from an early-career scientists (ECS) perspective. The discussion encompassed a variety of research fields, including topics of oceanographic conditions, sea-ice monitoring, marine biodiversity, land-ocean interactions, and geological reconstructions, as well as law and governance issues. Participants of the workshop strongly agreed on the need to enhance interdisciplinarity in order to collect comprehensive knowledge about the modern and past Arctic Ocean's geo-ecological dynamics. Such knowledge enables improved predictions of Arctic developments and provides the basis for elaborate decision-making on future actions under plausible environmental and climate scenarios in the high northern latitudes. Priority research sheets resulting from the workshop's discussions were distributed during the ICARPIII meetings in April 2015 in Japan, and are publicly available online. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. and NIPR. All rights reserved.
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