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| 2. |
- Lindblad-Toh, Kerstin, et al.
(författare)
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A high-resolution map of human evolutionary constraint using 29 mammals
- 2011
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 478:7370, s. 476-482
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The comparison of related genomes has emerged as a powerful lens for genome interpretation. Here we report the sequencing and comparative analysis of 29 eutherian genomes. We confirm that at least 5.5% of the human genome has undergone purifying selection, and locate constrained elements covering similar to 4.2% of the genome. We use evolutionary signatures and comparisons with experimental data sets to suggest candidate functions for similar to 60% of constrained bases. These elements reveal a small number of new coding exons, candidate stop codon readthrough events and over 10,000 regions of overlapping synonymous constraint within protein-coding exons. We find 220 candidate RNA structural families, and nearly a million elements overlapping potential promoter, enhancer and insulator regions. We report specific amino acid residues that have undergone positive selection, 280,000 non-coding elements exapted from mobile elements and more than 1,000 primate-and human-accelerated elements. Overlap with disease-associated variants indicates that our findings will be relevant for studies of human biology, health and disease.
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| 3. |
- Lings, Brian, et al.
(författare)
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A reference model for successful Distributed Development of Software Systems
- 2007
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Ingår i: Second IEEE International Conference on Global Software Engineering, 2007. ICGSE 2007. - : IEEE conference proceedings. - 0769529208 - 9780769529202 ; , s. 130-139
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Distributed development (DD) of software systems is an issue of increasing significance for organisations today, all the more so given the current trend towards globalisation. In this paper we present a reference model which can be used as a reference point for any company wishing to review their own DD scenario. This is particularised in two forms, one as an exemplar model for a global (GSD) development scenario and one as a particularisation of this for intra-national DD scenarios. By drawing from eight case-studies on DD, we present ten general strategies for successful DD together with our reference model which characterises an ideal DD situation.
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| 4. |
- Lings, Brian, et al.
(författare)
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Ten Strategies for Successful Distributed Development
- 2006
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Ingår i: The Transfer and Diffusion of Information Technology for Organizational Resilience. - Boston : Springer. - 0387344098 - 9780387344096 - 9780387344102 ; , s. 119-137
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents an overview of the field of distributed development of software systems and applications (DD). Based on an analysis of the published literature, including its use in different industrial contexts, we provide a preliminary analysis that structures existing DD knowledge, indicating opportunities but identifying threats to communication, coordination, and control caused by temporal distance, geographical distance, and socio-cultural distance. An analysis of the case and field study literature has been used to identify strategies considered effective for countering the identified threats. The paper synthesizes from these a set of 10 general strategies for successful DD which, if adopted, should lead to increased company resilience.
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| 5. |
- Lundell, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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The distributed open source software development model : Observations on communication, coordination and control
- 2006
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 14th European Conference on Information Systems, ECIS 2006. - : Göteborgs Universitet. ; , s. 1-12
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- There are many reasons why an organisation should consider adopting distributed development of software systems and applications, including access to a larger labour pool and a broader skills base, cost advantages, and round the clock working. However, distributed development presents many challenges stemming from the complexity of maintaining good communication, coordination and control when teams are dispersed in time (e.g. across time zones) and space, as well as socio-culturally. The open source software (OSS) development model is distributed by nature, and many OSS developments are considered success stories. The question therefore arises of whether traditional distributed development models can be improved by transfer of successful practice from OSS development models. In this paper we compare OSS with traditional distributed development models using a framework-based analysis of the extant literature. From our analysis we find that the advantages of temporal and geographical distance dominate in OSS, rather than their associated problems. Further, socio-cultural distance is lowered by active developer selection. However, there is a challenge to satisfying project goals when personal goals dominate.
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| 6. |
- Mattsson, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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An Approach for Modeling Architectural Design Rules in UML and its Application to Embedded Software
- 2012
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Ingår i: ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology. - : Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). - 1049-331X .- 1557-7392. ; 21:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Current techniques for modeling software architecture do not provide sufficient support for modeling architectural design rules. This is a problem in the context of model-driven development in which it is assumed that major design artifacts are represented as formal or semi-formal models. This article addresses this problem by presenting an approach to modeling architectural design rules in UML at the abstraction level of the meaning of the rules. The high abstraction level and the use of UML makes the rules both amenable to automation and easy to understand for both architects and developers, which is crucial to deployment in an organization. To provide a proof-of-concept, a tool was developed that validates a system model against the architectural rules in a separate UML model. To demonstrate the feasibility of the approach, the architectural design rules of an existing live industrial-strength system were modeled according to the approach.
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| 7. |
- Mattsson, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Experiences from representing software architecture in a large industrial project using model driven development
- 2007
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Ingår i: International Conference on Software Engineering. - : IEEE Computer Society. - 0769529518 - 9780769529516
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A basic idea of Model Driven Development (MDD) is to capture all important design information in a set of formal or semi formal models that are automatically kept consistent by tools. This paper reports on industrial experience from use of MDD and shows that the approach needs improvements regarding the architecture since there are no suggested ways to formalize design rules which are an important part of the architecture. Instead, one has to rely on time consuming and error prone manual interpretations, reviews and reworkings to keep the system consistent with the architecture. To reap the full benefits of MDD it is therefore important to find ways of formalizing design rules to make it possible to allow automatic enforcement of the architecture on the system model.
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| 8. |
- Mattsson, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Linking Model-Driven Development and Software Architecture : A Case Study
- 2009
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Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering. - : IEEE Computer Society. - 0098-5589 .- 1939-3520. ; 35:1, s. 83-93
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A basic premise of model-driven development (MDD) is to capture all important design information in a set of formal or semiformal models, which are then automatically kept consistent by tools. The concept, however, is still relatively immature and there is little by way of impirically validated guidelines. In this paper, we report on the use of MDD on a significant real-world project over several years. Our research found the MDD approach to be deficient in terms of modeling architectural design rules. Furthermore, the current body of literature does not offer a satisfactory solution as to how architectural design rules should be modeled. As a result developers have to rely on time-consuming and error-prone manual practices to keep a system consistent with its architecture. To realize the full benefits of MDD, it is important to find ways of formalizing architectural design rules, which then allow automatic enforcement of the architecture on the system model. Without this, architectural enforcement will remain a bottleneck in large MDD projects.
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