| 1. |
- Bosse, H., et al.
(författare)
-
AdvManuNet : A networking project on metrology for advanced manufacturing
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the 20th International Conference of the European Society for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology, EUSPEN 2020. - : euspen. - 9780995775176 ; , s. 357-358
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The networking project AdvManuNet has been started recently to accelerate the process of establishing an European Metrology Network (EMN) on Advanced Manufacturing. EMNs are intended by EURAMET, the association of metrology institutes in Europe, to provide a sustainable structure for ongoing stakeholder interaction in different thematic areas. Advanced manufacturing has been identified by the European Commission (EC) as one of six Key Enabling Technologies (KETs) with applications in multiple industries. Various EURAMET projects have partly addressed metrology needs for advanced manufacturing. However, a high-level coordination of the metrology community is currently absent and limits the impact of metrology developments on advanced manufacturing. AdvManuNet will address these limits by establishing a single hub for stakeholder consultation, a knowledge base on research results, and a strategic agenda for research and training to push forward advanced manufacturing and related KETs and strengthen Europe's position in advanced manufacturing via the EMN.
|
|
| 2. |
- Brand, U., et al.
(författare)
-
Measurement of groove depth standards in the range 1 μm up to 1 mm (EURAMET project 1407)
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Metrologia. - : Institute of Physics Publishing. - 0026-1394 .- 1681-7575. ; 57:1 A
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A comparison measurement between 10 national metrology institutes on two types of depth setting standards was conducted using mostly tactile but also two optical instruments for measurement. Three etched silicon standards with depths of 5, 20 and 50 μm and one diamond turned nickel coated copper standard with depths of 200, 600 and 900 μm were measured. The cross section of the grooves was trapezoidal. Most of the participants confirmed their CMC entries. Since many measurements had to be made, contamination of the standards and heavy wear on the standards were also observed after the comparison was completed. The wear consists of indentation marks from stylus instruments on both types of standards and as many as 70 scratch marks on the nickel coated copper artefact used. This indicates that the contact pressure of the tactile measuring devices used by some partners was too high. This can be caused by a too high probing force or a too small probing tip radius. Thus, for future comparisons the actual probing force and actual tip radius need to be measured during the comparison by the participants to assure that the recommended values (2 μm tip radius and 0.7 mN probing force) are not exceeded. The recently published German standard DIN 32567-3 "Determination of the influence of materials on the optical and tactile dimensional metrology-Part 3: Derivation of correction values for tactile measuring devices" describes methods to do both. Main text To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/. The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCL, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA)
|
|
| 3. |
- Flys, Olena, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
-
Applicability of characterization techniques on fine scale surfaces
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Surface Topography: Metrology and Properties. - Bristol : Institute of Physics Publishing (IOPP). - 2051-672X. ; 6:3
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, several surface topographies typical for dental implants were evaluated by different measurement techniques. The samples were prepared by machine turning, wet chemical etching and electrochemical polishing of titanium discs. The measurement techniques included an atomic force microscope (AFM), coherence scanning interferometer (CSI) and a 3D stereo scanning electron microscope (SEM). The aim was to demonstrate and discuss similarities and differences in the results provided by these techniques when analyzing submicron surface topographies. The estimated surface roughness parameters were not directly comparable since the techniques had different surface spatial wavelength band limits. However, the comparison was made possible by applying a 2D power spectral density (PSD) function. Furthermore, to simplify the comparison, all measurements were characterized using the ISO 25178 standard parameters. Additionally, a Fourier transform was applied to calculate the instrument transfer function in order to investigate the behavior of CSI at different wavelength ranges. The study showed that 3D stereo SEM results agreed well with AFM measurements for the studied surfaces. Analyzed surface parameter values were in general higher when measured by CSI in comparison to both AFM and 3D stereo SEM results. In addition, the PSD analysis showed a higher power spectrum density in the lower frequency range 10-2-10-1 μm-1 for the CSI compared with the other techniques.
|
|
| 4. |
- Flys, Olena, 1971
(författare)
-
Calibration Procedure and Industrial Applications of Coherence Scanning Interferometer
- 2016
-
Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Countless industrial applications over the past decades have indicated the increased need to relate surface texture to surface function. Measurement and characterization of the areal nature of the surface allows the manufacturer to alter how the surface interacts with surroundings. Surface metrology covers the questions related to surface measurements, its analysis, representation, and interpretation. Despite the long experience of surface measurements there are still a lot of open questions. One of question was listed in this thesis is: “Is there a universal analysis technique available for understanding and interpreting the properties of surface topography?” The simple answer is: There is no universal analysis technique. However, for a better understanding and interpretation of the properties of a surface, a combination of different techniques can be necessary. The use of Power Spectral Density (PSD) analysis in this thesis showed to be a powerful analysis tool for identification of the differences and equalities between different instruments measuring similar topographies. This enables a selection of the proper instruments for measuring topographies with specific spatial frequencies or combination of frequencies. Another focus area of this thesis was calibration of optical surface measuring instruments in particular Coherence Scanning Interferometer (CSI). The complexity of design of optical surface measuring instruments makes them difficult to calibrate. Since calibration procedure is an important part of quality control in the production, it is one of reason that those instruments are not used in production. The calibration procedure for the examining of some of the main metrological characteristics of Coherence Scanning Interferometry as an example of optical surface measuring instruments is discussed in this thesis. The concept of traceability is one of the fundamentals in metrology and assures the accuracy of measurements. The traceability and uncertainty are inseparable as it is impossible to compare measurements and hence calibrate instruments without statement of uncertainty. From the calibration procedure it was found that the dominant component for uncertainty estimation in the z-scale for CSI is the noise contribution and the dominant component for the x- and y- scale is the lateral resolution. Future works based on the thesis results include to summarize good practice guide for users of CSI and a continued analytical and empirical study of the influence of spatial content of surfaces for different applications.
|
|
| 5. |
- Flys, Olena, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
-
Characterization of surface topography of a newly developed metrological gloss scale
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Surface Topography: Metrology and Properties. - Bristol : Institute of Physics (IOP). - 2051-672X. ; 3:4
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the European Joint Research Project 'Multidimensional Reflectometry for Industry', a new gloss scale was developed with the aim to represent different levels of gloss, hue, roughness, and refractive indices. In this paper, the surfaces of six selected samples were thoroughly investigated using various measuring techniques in order to verify the outcome of the novel manufacturing processes in terms of distinct levels as well as types of surface roughness. The aim of the evaluation was to capture surface structures in different wavelength intervals utilizing a confocal microscope, a coherence scanning interferometer, and an atomic force microscope. Power spectral density functions were also calculated from the measurements and used to determine suitability of techniques for different roughness scales. The measurements show that the expected surface characteristics as well as different RMS roughness values are intimately connected to the perceived glossiness.
|
|
| 6. |
- Flys, Olena, 1971
(författare)
-
On surface structure characterization and application on additive manufacturing
- 2020
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Countless industrial applications over the past decades have indicated the increased need to relate surface texture to surface function. The fast-growing industry of additive manufacturing admits the surface roughness as one of the main challenges. It makes the need for quantitative and qualitative control of surfaces and an understanding of surface measurements and analysis more important than ever. Surface metrology covers the questions related to surface measurements, its analysis, representation, and interpretation. Despite the long experience of surface measurements, there are still a lot of open questions. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the interaction between surfaces and the optical metrology of surfaces’ topographical properties’. More precisely this thesis includes an examination of tools and methods for quantitativeand qualitative characterization of surfaces measured by optical instruments in particular coherence scanning interferometry. Further, those methods and analysis were used on additively manufactured surfaces. The contribution of this thesis lies in the intersection of the fields of characterization, manufacturing and function. First of all, the use of power spectral density (PSD) analysis in this thesis proved it to be a powerful analysis tool for identification of differences and equalities between instruments measuring similar topographies. Besides PSD analysis together with surface roughness parameters were used for comparison of surface topography and its characterization. Secondly, texture analysis of the surfaces used in dental industries, piston rings and selective laser melting surfaces showed that thus the effectiveness of surface parameters representing surface topography depends on the specific measurement range. Finally, research was focused on the characterization of additively manufactured surfaces. The surfaces produced by fused deposition modelling (FDM) and by selective laser melting (SLM) manufacturing processes were studied. An areal model with the aim to produce a visual representation of FDM surfaces was built based on the ellipse geometry. The model was validated by comparison with the areal measurement using surface parameters and PSD analysis. Analysis of surface topography produced by SLM techniques was used to compare heat transfer and flow rate of cooling channels with different roughness. This thesis, through the use of a combination of analysis tools thus sheds new insights into the field of additive manufacturing, the virtual representation of surfaces and connection between surface functional performance and choice of characterization linked both to measurement techniques and evaluation methods.
|
|
| 7. |
- Flys, Olena, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
-
Piston ring topography variation and robust characterization
- 2014
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- It is a constant challenge for the automotive industry to reduce friction losses and oil consumption in automobile engine. The piston ring friction accounts for approximately 20% of the total mechanical energy losses in a modern engine. Oil control rings limit and control the oil consumption of the engine as well. They scrape off excess lubricating oil from the cylinder walls and return it to the crank case. Piston rings are designed to distribute the thin oil film evenly to ensure piston and ring lubrication. The surface topography of a piston ring is an efficient variable in the control of the oil consumption and friction losses. In places where the interacting surfaces come in contact, the oil film thickness is extremely thin and the surface asperities may deform because of the high pressures. There are different types of oil control rings.The most common one is the twin land oil control ring, which consists of two narrow lands that scrape off the oil on the liner and a spring on the back that exerts the load. In this paper, the surfaces of the two lands were investigated, since they play the key role in its function. The goal is to map the variation in surface roughness of piston rings that appear at different scales from form and waviness to micro and nano roughness. Areal topography measurements were made by white light interferometer designed at the Halmstad University able to measure and scan the total functional area of a piston ring. An significant amount of oil control piston rings of heavy duty truck engines were examined and 24 measurements were made in circumferential direction and on each ring land. The results show both the variation and uncertainty of the ring topography and discuss the instrument and measuring methodology uncertainty. The most stable parameters were found and recommended for an effective quality control. Comparisons between established coherence scanning interferometer and the instrument built in Halmstad were made. To ensure a good quality, the measurements were made both on calibration standards and on piston ring surfaces. Finally the influence on function and energy losses in the final engine assembly is discussed to indicate future design and metrology improvements.
|
|
| 8. |
- Flys, Olena, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
-
Using confocal fusion for measurement of metal AM surface texture
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Surface Topography: Metrology and Properties. - Bristol : IOP Publishing Ltd. - 2051-672X. ; 8:2
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The highly complex nature of as printed metal AM surfaces pose other challenges for making measurements compared to surfaces made with many conventional processing methods. The high complexity is caused by high aspect ratios, a mix of high and low reflexivity, steep angles etc. It is not clear which method is the most suitable for measuring these surfaces. The objective of this study was to compare four different measurement modes available in one instrument to evaluate the advantages and drawbacks of the respective techniques regarding measurements of metal AM surfaces. The evaluated measurement modes are Confocal Microscopy, Coherence Scanning Interferometry, Focus Variation and Confocal Fusion. The effect of advantages and drawbacks of studied techniques was tested on typical surfaces produced by L-PBF process. Surfaces printed at 0° and 90° inclinations were compared regarding the measurement results achieved from the different methods. The Power Spectral Density analysis and visual comparison were used for the examination of studied measurements methods. Besides the comparison of areal measurements acquired by different modes available in the instrument also extracted profile measurements were compared with profile images acquired using an Optical Microscope. This study reveals that confocal fusion is a promising technique for AM surface characterisation, due to the highest amount of valid data points in the typical measurement. The new approach developed in the study showed that PSD analysis can be used for evaluation of fill in algorithms incorporated in different software. Results of the profile comparisons help to illustrate features that can be depicted by surface measurements, applying different measurement principles, as well as enables comparison of raw profile data between different types of measurements. Further investigation of measurements on AM surfaces in the frequency domain will bring more understanding about the limitations of measurement techniques.
|
|
| 9. |
- Glon, Fanny, et al.
(författare)
-
3D SEM for surface topography quantification - A case study on dental surfaces
- 2014
-
Ingår i: 14th International Conference on Metrology and Properties of Engineering Surfaces, Met and Props 2013. - Bristol : IOP Publishing. ; 483:1
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- 3D analysis of surface topography is becoming a more used tool for industry and research. New ISO standards are being launched to assist in quantifying engineering surfaces. The traditional optical measuring instrumentation used for 3D surface characterization has been optical interferometers and confocal based instrumentation. However, the resolution here is limited in the lateral dimension to the wavelength of visible light to about 500 nm. The great advantage using the SEM for topography measurements is the high flexibility to zoom from low magnifications and locating interesting areas to high magnification of down to nanometer large surface features within seconds. This paper presents surface characterization of dental implant micro topography. 3D topography data was created from SEM images using commercial photogrammetric software. A coherence scanning interferometer was used for reference measurements to compare with the 3D SEM measurements on relocated areas. As a result of this study, measurements emphasizes that the correlation between the accepted CSI measurements and the new technology represented by photogrammetry based on SEM images for many areal characterization parameters are around or less than 20%. The importance of selecting sampling and parameter sensitivity to varying sampling is high-lighted. Future work includes a broader study of limitations of the photogrammetry technique on certified micro-geometries and more application surfaces at different scales.
|
|
| 10. |
- Przyklenk, A., et al.
(författare)
-
AdvManuNet : Support for a European Metrology Network for advanced manufacturing
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the 21st International Conference of the European Society for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology, EUSPEN 2021. - : euspen. - 9780995775190 ; , s. 321-322
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Advanced manufacturing has been identified as one of the key enabling technologies (KET) with applications in multiple industries. Advanced manufacturing requires new and enhanced metrology methods to assure the quality of manufacturing processes and resulting products. However, a high-level coordination of the metrology community in Europe is currently absent in this domain and limits the impact of metrology developments on advanced manufacturing. This gap aims to be closed through the establishment of a European Metrology Network (EMN) for advanced manufacturing. Here we report on the approach, first activities and the latest progress to establish a EMN on advanced manufacturing within EURAMET, the European Association of National Metrology Institutes (NMI). The objectives of this EMN are to set up a permanent stakeholder dialogue, to develop a Strategic Research Agenda (SRA) for metrology input needed for advanced manufacturing technologies, to create and maintain a knowledge sharing programme and to implement a web-based service desk for stakeholders involved in advanced manufacturing.
|
|
