| 1. |
- Ahmed, Taha, et al.
(författare)
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Preparation and characterisation of ZnO/Fe2O3 core–shell nanorods
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- ZnO is a widely used semiconductor photocatalyst. However, the bandgap of ZnO is too large to utilise visible light or solar energy. Therefore, ZnO can couple with a narrow band gap semiconductor that is a visible-light-responsive photocatalyst. ZnO can help with charge seperation through attracting electrons or holes from the other semiconductor. In this work, ZnO nanorods were electrodeposited on FTO glass, and then coated with ultrathin layer of Fe2O3 via ALD.SEM, TEM, XPS, Raman and UV-Vis spectroscopies were used to characterise the prepared samples. Raman shows that ALD-coated Fe2O3 is hematite (α-Fe2O3). The prepared ZnO/Fe2O3 shows photocatalytic activity of EBT degradation under visible light illumination. The synthetic strategy can also beextended to prepare other heterostructured photocatalysts.
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| 2. |
- Ashraf, Shakeel, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
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Surface modification of SU-8 for metal/SU-8 adhesion using RF plasma treatment for application in thermopile detectors
- 2015
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Ingår i: Materials Research Express. - : Institute of Physics (IOP). - 2053-1591. ; 2:8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article reports on plasma treatment of SU-8 epoxy in order to enhance adhesive strength for metals. Its samples were fabricated on standard silicon wafers and treated with (O2 & Ar) RF plasma at a power of 25W at a low pressure of (3×10-3 torr) for different time spans (10 sec – 70 sec). The sample surfaces were characterized in terms of contact angle, surface (roughness and chemistry) and using a tape test. During the contact angle measurement, it was observed that the contact angle was reduced from 73° to 5° (almost wet) and 23° for (O2 & Ar) treated samples, respectively. The RMS surface roughness was significantly increased by 21.5% and 37.2% for (O2 & Ar) treatment, respectively. A pattern of metal squares was formed on the samples using photolithography for a tape test. An adhesive tape was applied to the samples and peeled off at 180o. The maximum adhesion results, more than 90%, were achieved for the O2-treated samples, whereas the Ar-treated samples showed no change. The XPS study shows the formation of new species in the O2-treated sample compared to the Ar-treated samples. The high adhesive results were due to the formation of hydrophilic groups and new O2 species in the O2-treated samples, which were absent in Ar-treated samples.
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| 3. |
- Fondell, Mattis, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
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An HAXPES study of Sn, SnS, SnO and SnO2
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena. - : Mattis Fondell. - 0368-2048 .- 1873-2526. ; 195, s. 195-199
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hard X-ray photoelectron spectra have been recorded for Sn, SnO2, SnO and SnS. The binding energies of the core levels of elemental Sn from 2s up to, and including, 4d have been determined with least squares fitting and calibrated against an Au 4f standard. For the oxides and the sulphide data on Sn 3p, 3d core levels’ binding energies and relative intensities are presented together with the binding energies of O 1s, S 1s and 2p. This study thus serves as a picture of tin's core level spectra compared to those of some of its oxides and a sulphide taken at photon energies beyond Al Kα and Mg Kα.
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| 4. |
- Fondell, Mattis, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
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HAXPES study of Sn core levels and their plasmon loss features
- 2014
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Ingår i: Results in Physics. - : Elsevier BV. - 2211-3797. ; 4, s. 168-169
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hard X-ray Photoelectron spectra have been recorded for elemental Sn. Electron loss features, prominent in all core level spectra of the metal, are analyzed at several photo energies for the 3p core level. For higher photoelectron kinetic energies the intensity of the plasmonic features follows a simple exponential law. The data and models presented here will aid the modeling of spectra where tin is present and especially if its spectrum overlaps with those from other sources.
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| 5. |
- Fondell, Mattis, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
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Phase control of iron oxides grown in nano-scale cauliflower structures: hematite, maghemite and magnetite
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We demonstrate that iron oxide in the form of hematite, suitable as absorber in photoelectrochemical cells, can be produced by pulsed chemical vapour deposition. By choosing carbon monoxide or nitrogen as carrier gases in the process the phase and granularity of the grown material can be controlled. The choice of carrier gas a ect the decomposition rate of iron pentacarbonyl used as iron precursor. The iron oxide phase is also dependent on the chosen substrate, here fluorine doped tin oxide and crystalline silicon have been used. Regardless of the substrate nitrogen yields hematite, whereas carbon monoxide gives magnetite on Si and maghemite on fluorine doped tin oxide. A combination of Raman spectroscopy, X-ray di raction, and hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used for characterization of the crystalline phase and chemical composition in the films. Scanning electron microscopy were used to visualise the deposited films’ nano-structure reminiscent of a cauliflower.
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| 6. |
- Fondell, Mattis, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
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Surface modification of iron oxides by ion bombardment – comparing depth profiling by HAXPES and Ar ion sputtering
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena. - : Elsevier. - 0368-2048 .- 1873-2526. ; 224, s. 23-26
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Iron oxide in the form of maghemite γ-Fe2O3 and hematite α-Fe2O3 has been studied with x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It is found that even low energy sputtering induces a reduction of the surface layer into FeO. Satellites in the Fe 2p core level spectra are used to determine the oxidation state of iron. Depth profiling with changing photon energy shows that the unsputtered films are homogeneous and that the information obtained from sputtering thus, in this instance, represents sputter damages to the sample.
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| 7. |
- Fondell, Mattis, 1984-
(författare)
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Synthesis and Characterisation of Ultra Thin Film Oxides for Energy Applications
- 2014
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis describes studies of materials which can be exploited for hydrogen production from water and sunlight. The materials investigated are maghemite (γ-Fe2O3), magnetite (Fe3O4) and especially hematite (α-Fe2O3), which is an iron oxide with most promising properties in this field. Hematite has been deposited using Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) - a thin-film technique facilitating layer-by-layer growth with excellent thickness control and step coverage. The iron oxides were deposited using bis-cyclopentadienyl iron (Fe(Cp)2) or iron pentacarbonyl (Fe(CO)5) in combination with an O2 precursor. Since it is crucial to have good control of the deposition process, the influence of substrate, process temperature, precursor and carrier gas have been investigated systematically. By careful control of these deposition parameters, three polymorphs of iron oxide could be deposited: hematite (α-Fe2O3), maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) and magnetite (Fe3O4).The deposited materials were characterized using X-ray Diffraction, Raman and UV-VIS Spectroscopy, and Scanning Electron Microscopy. Hard X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (HAXPES) was also used, since it is a non-destructive, chemically specific, surface sensitive technique – the surface sensitivity resulting from the short mean escape depth of the photoelectrons. The depth probed can be controlled by varying the excitation energy; higher photoelectron energies increasing the inelastic mean-free-path in the material.HAXPES studies of atomic diffusion from F-doped SnO2 substrates showed increased doping levels of Sn, Si and F in the deposited films. Diffusion from the substrate was detected at annealing temperatures between 550 °C and 800 °C. Films annealed in air exhibited improved photocatalytic behavior; a photocurrent of 0.23 mA/cm2 was observed for those films, while the as-deposited hematite films showed no photo-activity whatsoever.The optical properties of low-dimensional hematite were studied in a series of ultra-thin films (thicknesses in the 2-70 nm range). The absorption maxima were shifted to higher energies for films thinner than 20 nm, revealing a different electronic structure in thin films.
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| 8. |
- Fondell, Mattis, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
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Temperature Induced Diffusion of Sn and Si in Hematite and Implications for Photocatalytic Water Splitting Applications
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The performance of Hematite (α-Fe2O3) for the water oxidation step in solar hydrogen production is dependent upon annealing of the material. In this study, these effects are investigated in terms of temperature induced diffusion of Sn and Si from the substrate into thin films of hematite by using hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES). Here, HAXPES is used for the first time to characterize a buried interface between a conducting substrate and a nanostructured thin film overlayer by diffusion upon annealing. This process is prototypical for the large class of photoelectrochemical devices that uses indium and fluorine doped tin oxide as substrates where the device is subsequently annealed. Indeed, we observe that: diffusion of Sn and Si is significant, already at 550 °C; the photocatalytic efficiency of the hematite films increased, from low values to 0.23 mA/cm2; annealing in air preserves the hematite phase, while annealing in vacuum induces a phase transition into magnetite, which impairs the photocatalytic performance. The increase in efficiency is explained in terms of an improvement of the quantum efficiency of the oxygen evolution reaction accompanied by a slight improvement in charge carrier transport.
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| 9. |
- Jõgi, Indrek, et al.
(författare)
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On the Structural and Optical Properties of Ultrathin Iron Oxide
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Nanostructured iron oxides and especially hematite are interesting for a wide range of applications ranging from gas sensors to renewable solar hydrogen production. A promising method for deposition of low dimensional films is atomic layer deposition, ALD. Although a potent technique, ALD of ultrathin films is sensitive to the substrate and temperature conditions where initial formation of islands and crystallites influences the properties of the films. In this work the optical and structural properties of iron oxide films in the thickness range of 6 nm to 50 nm have been investigated. Below 10 nm nominal film thickness we find island formation and phase dependent particle crystallization that impose difficulties for ALD deposition of phase pure iron oxides on non-lattice matching substrates. For films between 10-20 nm, post-annealing steps were found to be needed to recrystallize iron polymorphs to hematite whereas for films thicker than 20 nm, phase pure hematite can be formed directly with ALD with very low influence of the substrate. Analysis of the indirect and direct band gaps of the thinnest films show a quantum confined blue shift of the absorption edge.
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