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| 2. |
- Bas, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Utility of the housekeeping genes 18S rRNA, β-actin, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase (GAPDH) for normalisation in real-time quantitative RT-PCR analysis of gene expression in human T lymphocytes
- 2004
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0300-9475 .- 1365-3083. ; 59:6, s. 566-573
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The accuracy of 18S rRNA, β-actin mRNA and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) mRNA as indicators of cell number when used for normalization in gene expression analysis of T lymphocytes at different activation stages was investigated. Quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was used to determine the expression level of 18S rRNA, β-actin mRNA, GAPDH mRNA and mRNA for six cytokines in carefully counted samples of resting human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), intestinal lymphocytes and PBMCs subjected to polyclonal T-cell activation. The 18S rRNA level in activated and resting PBMCs and intestinal lymphocytes was essentially the same, while the levels of β-actin and GAPDH mRNAs fluctuated markedly upon activation. When isolated γδTCR+, CD4+ and CD8+ subpopulations were studied, 18S rRNA levels remained unchanged after 21 h of activation but increased slightly after 96 h. In contrast, there was a 30–70-fold increase of GAPDH mRNA/cell in these cell populations upon activation. Cytokine analysis revealed that only normalization to 18S rRNA gave a result that satisfactorily reflected their mRNA expression levels per cell. In conclusion, 18S rRNA was the most stable housekeeping gene and hence superior for normalization in comparative analyses of mRNA expression levels in human T lymphocytes.
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| 3. |
- Forsberg, Göte, et al.
(författare)
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Concomitant increase of IL-10 and pro-inflammatory cytokines in intraepithelial lymphocyte subsets in celiac disease.
- 2007
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Ingår i: International Immunology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0953-8178 .- 1460-2377. ; 19:8, s. 993-1001
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Celiac disease (CD) is a small intestinal enteropathy caused by permanent intolerance to wheat gluten. Active disease is characterized by a prominent cytokine response of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) to gluten-containing diet with concomitant increase in expression of pro-inflammatory IFN-gamma and down-regulatory IL-10 without increase in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) or transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1). The aim was to understand the local immune reaction by determining which intraepithelial T cell subsets produce the different cytokines. The three major IEL-subsets gammadeltaIELs, CD4(+)alphabetaIELs and CD8(+)alphabetaIELs, as well as CD94(+)CD8(+)alphabetaIELs, selectively expanded in active CD, were retrieved from small intestinal biopsies of children with active CD and controls and analyzed quantitatively for cytokine mRNA expression. In active CD, CD8(+)alphabetaIELs showed a significant increase in expression levels of both IFN-gamma and IL-10. CD8(+)alphabetaIELs were also the IEL subset with highest expression level per cell of both cytokines and constituted the cellular source for almost all IFN-gamma and most IL-10. Expression levels of both cytokines were higher in CD94(-)CD8(+)alphabetaIELs than CD94(+)CD8(+)alphabetaIELs. TNF-alpha levels were only increased in CD4(+)alphabetaIELs, which also showed the highest expression level per cell and constituted the major source of this cytokine. Interestingly, IL-10 was increased also in CD4(+)alphabetaIELs. Cytokine levels were low in gammadeltaIELs. 'Classical' CD94(-)CD8(+)alphabeta T cells within the epithelium are responsible for the excessive production of IFN-gamma, believed to drive the formation of intestinal lesions in active CD. Production of IL-10 may be a common feature of IELs producing pro-inflammatory cytokines, thereby attempting to limit inflammation in an autocrine fashion.
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| 4. |
- Forsberg, Göte, 1957-
(författare)
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Innate and adaptive immunity in childhood celiac disease
- 2006
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Celiac disease (CD) is an inflammatory small-bowel enteropathy caused by a permanent intolerance to wheat gluten and related proteins in rye and barley. Even though the disease originate from the small intestine the clinical symptoms varies in affected individuals and are often different in small children compared to adolescents and adults. Susceptibility to develop the disease is strongly associated with certain genetic factors i.e. HLADQ2/DQ8 but it is undoubtedly that additional inherited and environmental factors are involved. As specific T lymphocyte reactions are central in the pathogenesis of CD, six key cytokine messenger RNA levels in intestinal intraepithelial and lamina propria T lymphocytes (IEL, LPL), retrieved from small intestinal biopsies, were determined by using quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR). Levels of cytokines, small secreted proteins which mediate and regulate immunity, in children with active disease were compared with that of treated children and controls. Interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-10 were also determined at the protein level by immunohistochemistry. Active celiac disease was characterized by distortions in cytokine expression, with highly significant increases of IFN-γ and IL-10 but no concomitant increases in tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1), or IL-2 and no induction of IL-4. A marked shift of IFN-γ and IL-10 production from LPLs to IELs was characteristic of active celiac disease, and as many as one fourth of the IELs expressed IFN-γ. IELs in treated, symptom-free celiac patients still had increased IFN-γ levels compared with controls. In CD, gluten intake seems to cause an overreaction in IELs, with uncontrolled production of IFN-γ and IL-10 which may cause both recruitment of more IELs and a leaky epithelium, leading to a vicious circle with amplified immune activity and establishment of the intestinal lesion. In order to determine different IEL subsets contribution of the produced cytokines, γδIELs, CD4+αβIELs, and CD8+αβIELs as well as CD94+CD8+αβIELs and CD94CD8+αβIELs of children with active CD and children with no food-intolerance were analyzed for cytokine mRNA expression levels by RT-PCR. In active CD, CD8+αβIELs had the highest expression levels of IFN-γ- and IL-10 mRNA and constituted the cellular source for almost all IFN-γ and a large fraction of the IL-10. Expression levels of these two cytokines correlated and were higher in CD94-CD8+αβIELs than CD94+CD8+αβIELs CD4+αβIELs had the highest expression levels of TNF-α and despite the small number of this cell subset they contributed with half of the small amounts of this cytokine. Interestingly, TNF-α levels correlated with IL-10 in CD4+αβIELs. γδIELs had the lowest expression levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-10, and TGF-β1. Essentially no IL-2 mRNA was detected in the three IEL subpopulations. “Classical” CD8+CD94-αβT cells in the epithelial compartment are responsible for most of the excessive production of proinflammatory IFN-γ. The question whether an impaired extrathymic T cell maturation and/or capacity for secondary T cell receptor (TCR) gene recombination in iIELs is a contributing factor to CD was addressed. Expression levels of recombination activating gene-1 (RAG1) and the pre T α-chain (preTα) mRNAs were determined in IEL T cell lineage subsets of children with CD and controls. In controls, RAG1 was expressed in both mature (TCRγδ+ and TCRαβ+) and immature (CD2+CD7+TCR-) IELs while preTα was expressed preferentially in immature IELs. The RAG1 splice form selectively expressed outside thymus (RAG1 1A/2) as well as preTα were significantly decreased in CD patients both in active and inactive disease suggesting a deteriorated capacity of de novo TCR gene rearrangement in local T cell development and / or of secondary TCR gene rearrangement during editing or antigen-driven revision. This may lead to an imbalance between thymus- and gut derived T lymphocytes in the intestinal mucosa with consequent inefficient regulation of T cell responses against food antigens. Innate or nonspecific immunity is the first line, immediate defense against pathogens mediated by the epithelial cells in the intestine (IECs). As certain adaptive immune reaction in CD mimics that of intestinal infections, aberrant innate immune reaction could be a contributing factor to CD. Therefore jejunal biopsies were screened for bacteria and the innate immune status of the epithelium was investigated. Bacteria were freqently (40%) associated with the mucosa of children with active but also treated disease (20%) compared to controls (2%). Lack of antimicrobial factors such as mucins, proteins forming protective biofilm on the IECs, defensins and lysozym, peptides and enzymes with antibacterial effects, could not explain the presence of bacteria. If anything, mucin-2 (MUC2), α-defensins, HD-5, HD-6, and lysozyme mRNA levels were increased in epithelial cells in active CD, returning to normal levels in treated CD. Their expression levels correlated to the IFN-γ mRNA levels in IELs. Analysis of beta defensins, hBD-1 and hBD-2 as well as carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) cell adhesion molecule 1a (CECAM1a), glycoproteins in the glycocalyx with ability to bind micro organisms, were not affected by the disease. Lectin staining by histochemistry revealed that goblet cells were stained by UEA1 in CD both active and treated but not in controls. The opposite pattern was seen for the lectin PNA where staining was seen in controls in the glycocalyx layer but not in CD. Thus altered glycocalyx/mucous layer may promote bacterial adhesion in CD.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Forsberg, Göte, et al.
(författare)
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Presence of bacteria and innate immunity of intestinal epithelium in childhood celiac disease
- 2004
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Ingår i: American Journal of Gastroenterology. - : Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). - 0002-9270 .- 1572-0241. ; 99:5, s. 894-904
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVES: Exposure to gliadin and related prolamins and appropriate HLA-DQ haplotype are necessary but not sufficient for contracting celiac disease (CD). Aberrant innate immune reactions could be contributing risk factors. Therefore, jejunal biopsies were screened for bacteria and the innate immune status of the epithelium investigated.METHODS: Children with untreated, treated, challenged CD, and controls were analyzed. Bacteria were identified by scanning electron microscopy. Glycocalyx composition and mucin and antimicrobial peptide production were studied by quantitative RT-PCR, antibody and lectin immunohistochemistry.RESULTS: Rod-shaped bacteria were frequently associated with the mucosa of CD patients, with both active and inactive disease, but not with controls. The lectin Ulex europaeus agglutinin I (UEAI) stained goblet cells in the mucosa of all CD patients but not of controls. The lectin peanut agglutinin (PNA) stained glycocalyx of controls but not of CD patients. mRNA levels of mucin-2 (MUC2), alpha-defensins HD-5 and HD-6, and lysozyme were significantly increased in active CD and returned to normal in treated CD. Their expression levels correlated to the interferon-gamma mRNA levels in intraepithelial lymphocytes. MUC2, HD-5, and lysozyme proteins were seen in absorptive epithelial cells. beta-defensins hBD-1 and hBD-2, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), CEA cell adhesion molecule-1a (CEACAM1a), and MUC3 were not affected.CONCLUSIONS: Unique carbohydrate structures of the glycocalyx/mucous layer are likely discriminating features of CD patients. These glycosylation differences could facilitate bacterial adhesion. Ectopic production of MUC2, HD-5, and lysozyme in active CD is compatible with goblet and Paneth cell metaplasia induced by high interferon-gamma production by intraepithelial lymphocytes.
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| 7. |
- Ou, Gangwei, et al.
(författare)
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Proximal small intestinal microbiota and identification of rod-shaped bacteria associated with childhood celiac disease
- 2009
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Ingår i: American Journal of Gastroenterology. - : Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). - 0002-9270 .- 1572-0241. ; 104:12, s. 3058-3067
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVES: Alterations in the composition of the microbiota in the intestine may promote development of celiac disease (CD). Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) we previously demonstrated that rod-shaped bacteria were present on the epithelium of proximal small intestine in children with CD but not in controls. In this study we characterize the microbiota of proximal small intestine in children with CD and controls and identify CD-associated rod-shaped bacteria. METHODS: Proximal small intestine biopsies from 45 children with CD and 18 clinical controls were studied. Bacteria were identified by 16S rDNA sequencing in DNA extracted from biopsies washed with buffer containing dithiothreitol to enrich bacteria adhering to the epithelial lining, by culture-based methods and by SEM and transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS: The normal, mucosa-associated microbiota of proximal small intestine was limited. It was dominated by the genera Streptococcus and Neisseria, and also contained Veillonella, Gemella, Actinomyces, Rothia, and Haemophilus. The proximal small intestine microbiota in biopsies from CD patients collected during 2004-2007 differed only marginally from that of controls, and only one biopsy (4%) had rod-shaped bacteria by SEM (SEM+). In nine frozen SEM+ CD biopsies from the previous study, microbiotas were significantly enriched in Clostridium, Prevotella, and Actinomyces compared with SEM- biopsies. Bacteria of all three genera were isolated from children born during the Swedish CD epidemic. New Clostridium and Prevotella species and Actinomyces graevenitzii were tentatively identified. CONCLUSIONS: Rod-shaped bacteria, probably of the indicated species, constituted a significant fraction of the proximal small intestine microbiota in children born during the Swedish CD epidemic and may have been an important risk factor for CD contributing to the fourfold increase in disease incidence in children below 2 years of age during that time.
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