| 1. |
|
|
| 2. |
- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
-
Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
|
|
| 3. |
- Ferreira, Cláudia, et al.
(författare)
-
Understanding the Role of Self-Judgment in the Association between Body Dissatisfaction and Quality of Life on Normal-Weight and Overweight Portuguese Women
- 2016
-
Ingår i: The Spanish Journal of Psychology. - : Cambridge University Press. - 1138-7416 .- 1988-2904. ; 19
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Literature has demonstrated the negative impact of body image dissatisfaction on women's quality of life. Nonetheless, it has been suggested that the relationship between body dissatisfaction and women's well-being is not linear, and that the processes that mediate this association remain unclear. This study aims to clarify the mediator role of self-judgment in the association between negative body image and psychological quality of life, in two groups: normal-weight and overweight women. This cross-sectional study comprised 200 normal-weight and 92 overweight female college students, aged between 18 and 24 years old, that completed self-report instruments of body dissatisfaction, self-judgment, and quality of life. Results showed that women who presented harsher self-judgment about their perceived failures tended to present lower levels in all quality of life domains. Also, results from mediation analyses indicated the relationship between body dissatisfaction and psychological quality of life was significantly mediated by the mechanisms of self-judgment in the two BMI groups (95% CI [-2.41 to -0.04]; 95% CI [-6.35 to -.89]). This mediational model accounted for 28.3% and 40.7% of psychological quality of life in the normal-weight and overweight groups, respectively. These results suggest that a lower ability to deal with one's failures or inadequacies (e.g., negative evaluation of body image) in a kind and accepting manner may significantly increase the negative impact of body dissatisfaction on one's psychological quality of life. In this way, it seems that, the focus of interventions should go beyond body dissatisfaction and also target the development of adaptive attitudes (opposed to self-critical attitudes) to deal with negative body-related experiences.
|
|
| 4. |
- Fortunato, Ana, et al.
(författare)
-
Isolation and characterization of cgchi3, a nodule-specific gene from Casuarina glauca encoding a class III chitinase
- 2007
-
Ingår i: Physiologia Plantarum. - 0031-9317. ; 130:3, s. 418-426
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Chitinases (EC 3.2.1.14) catalyse the hydrolysis of chitin, a homopolymer of beta-1,4-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues. Plant chitinases are involved in a wide variety of processes; in particular, their expression has been found to be enhanced in symbiotic and pathogenic plant-microbe interactions. During this work we have cloned and characterized a gene encoding a class III chitinase from actinorhizal nodules of Casuarina glauca (cgchi3). CGCHI3 was found to be encoded by a single gene that was specifically activated in nodules as compared with uninoculated control roots and leaves. The expression of this gene was further enhanced in nodules after salicylic acid treatment and completely repressed after wounding. In situ hybridisation analysis revealed that cgchi3 is an early nodulin gene, being expressed in the meristem and in the uninfected cortical cells of young nodules. Based on the obtained results we suggest that this gene is involved in nodule development. This is the first report on a class III chitinase coding gene that is specifically activated during actinorhizal symbiosis.
|
|
| 5. |
- Santos, Patricia, et al.
(författare)
-
Characterization of four defense-related genes up-regulatedin root nodules of Casuarina glauca
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Symbiosis. - : Springer. - 0334-5114 .- 1878-7665. ; 50, s. 25-35
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Actinorhizal plants are capable of high rates ofnitrogen fixation, due to their capacity to establish a rootnodulesymbiosis with N2-fixing actinomycetes of the genus Frankia. Nodulation is an ontogenic process whichrequires a sequence of highly coordinated events. One of these mechanisms is the induction of defense-relatedevents, whose precise role during nodulation is largelyunknown. In order to contribute to the clarification of the involvement of defense-related genes during actinorhizal root-nodule symbiosis, we have analysed the differential expression of several genes with putative defense-relatedfunctions in Casuarina glauca nodules versus non inoculatedroots. Four genes encoding a chitinase (CgChi1), a glutathione S-transferase (CgGst), a hairpin-inducible protein (CgHin1) and a peroxidase (CgPox4) were found to be up-regulated in mature nodules compared to roots. In order to find out to which extend were the encoded proteins involved in nodule protection, development or both, generegulation studies in response to SA and wounding as wellas phylogenetic analysis of the protein sequences wereperformed. These were further characterized through expression studies after SA-treatment and wounding, and by phylogenetic analysis. We suggest that CgChi1 andCgGst are involved in defense or microsymbiont controland CgPox4 is involved in nodule development. For CgHin1 the question “defense, development or both” remains open.
|
|
| 6. |
- Santos, Patricia, et al.
(författare)
-
Chitinases in root nodules
- 2008
-
Ingår i: Plant Biotechnology. - 1342-4580. ; 25:3, s. 299-307
-
Forskningsöversikt (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- The abundance of chitinases in plants is surprising in view of the fact that plants do not contain chitin.However, plant chitinases have been shown to play a role in defense, growth and developmental processes. They are alsoinvolved in plant-bacterial symbioses. Two groups of plants, legumes and actinorhizal plants, are able to enter root-nodulesymbioses with nitrogen fixing bacteria, rhizobia and Frankia strains, respectively, and plant chitinases are involved in theseinteractions. None of these bacteria contain chitin in their cell walls but rhizobia produce chitinaceous signal factors. To findout whether symbiosis-related chitinases belonged to phylogenetically distinct subgroups, a phylogenetic analysis wasperformed including all chitinases of one dicot, Arabidopsis, and one monocot, rice. The results show that conserved classI- and class III-chitinases were recruited in both types of root nodule symbioses. Since no chitinaceous signal molecules areformed by Frankia, a role of chitinases in the control of microbial signaling is unlikely. Alternative roles of chitinases inroot nodules are discussed.
|
|
