| 1. |
- Ahlin Marceta, Jesper
(författare)
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Authenticity in Bioethics : Bridging the Gap between Theory and Practice
- 2019
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this doctoral thesis is to bridge the gap between theoretical ideals of authenticity and practical authenticity-related problems in healthcare. In this context, authenticity means being "genuine," "real," "true to oneself," or similar, and is assumed to be closely connected to the autonomy of persons. The thesis includes an introduction and four articles related to authenticity. The first article collects various theories intended to explain the distinction between authenticity and inauthenticity in a taxonomy that enables oversight and analysis. It is argued that (in-)authenticity is difficult to observe in others. The second article offers a solution to this difficulty in one theory of authenticity. It is proposed that under certain circumstances, it is morally justified to judge that the desires underlying a person's decisions are inauthentic. The third article incorporates this proposition into an already established theory of personal autonomy. It is argued that the resulting conceptualization of autonomy is fruitful for action-guidance in authenticity-related problems in healthcare. The fourth article collects nine cases of possible authenticity-related problems in healthcare. The theory developed in the third article is applied to the problems, when this is allowed by the case-description, to provide guidance with regard to them. It is argued that there is not one universal authenticity-related problem but many different problems, and that there is thus likely not one universal solution to such problems but various particular solutions.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Fröding, Barbro, Docent, 1974-
(författare)
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Aristotle’s virtues and how to acquire them
- 2013
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Ingår i: Virtue Ethics and Human Enhancement. - Dordrecht : Springer Nature. ; , s. 31-42
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Now the turn has come to say more both about which virtues, and capacities, Aristotle had in mind and how agents are expected to acquire them. While the focus in this chapter is on the character virtues as well as the intellectual virtues the discussion also extends to how agents are supposed to instill them and how we become (more) virtuous agents. Consequently, a number of key concepts connected to the virtues, e.g., the Doctrine of the Mean, moral expertise and the process of deliberation, are explained and problematized. In addition to providing a theory background the following is also intended to work as a ‘reference chapter’ that the reader could re-visit while reading other parts of the book.
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| 4. |
- Fröding, Barbro, Docent, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Cognitive Flexibility
- 2015
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Ingår i: SpringerBriefs in Ethic. - Cham : Springer Nature. ; , s. 63-72
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter takes a closer look at cognitive flexibility. Firstly, we define this core cognitive capacity and explain why it is good to have it to a high degree. Secondly, we examine the link between the meditation techniques promoted here (see Chap. 2 ) and increased cognitive flexibility, as well as the impact on other psychological capacities. Thirdly, we point out that high cognitive flexibility (as an example of such improved psychological capacities) does not guarantee responsible moral decision-making. Consequently we need a robust, and action guiding, moral framework which can anchor these capacities and guide vacillating agents. The chapter finishes with a brief discussion of the connection between improved core cognitive capacities and the installing of a set of key epistemic virtues. This subject is then expanded on in Chap. 5.
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| 5. |
- Fröding, Barbro, Docent, 1974-
(författare)
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Conclusion
- 2013
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Ingår i: Virtue Ethics and Human Enhancement. - Dordrecht : Springer Nature. ; , s. 83-85
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Looking around the world today it is quite clear that a great many are not leading as good a life as they potentially could. Here it has been suggested that this situation could, to some extent, be improved on were people in general to become more virtuous as this would have a positive impact on the cognitive abilities and capacity for decision-making. Against this it has been argued that it is naïve to talk about virtues. That there is little evidence is there that we can achieve stable character traits and, further, that the best explanation for why we keep behaving the way we do is that it is human nature.
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| 6. |
- Fröding, Barbro, Docent, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Conclusions
- 2015
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Ingår i: SpringerBriefs in Ethic. - Cham : Springer Nature. ; , s. 99-110
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- On providing a brief summary of the arguments presented in the book Chap. 6 turns to discuss the potential for combining a wider range of life-style practices for greater effects. Examples include classical education, physical as well as mental training and playing specialized computer games. A brief resume of Aristotle’s account of eudaimonia including the idea that agents who are successful in instilling virtues plausibly can be taken to lead happier lives than those who fail to do so is presented. This Chapter also comments on the potential of embedding structures and how such measures might incentivize more pro-social behavior.
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| 7. |
- Fröding, Barbro, Docent, 1974-
(författare)
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Critique of virtue ethics
- 2013
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Ingår i: Virtue Ethics and Human Enhancement. - Dordrecht : Springer Nature. ; , s. 61-66
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the last few chapters it has been argued that the life of virtue is the best, happiest and most desirable life. Even accepting that, one might wonder whether or not it is possible to have this life. This chapter will address some of those concerns and elaborate on the habituation process and the importance of role models, i.e. methods through which the virtues are instilled.
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| 8. |
- Fröding, Barbro, Docent, 1974-
(författare)
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Examples of useful capacities
- 2013
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Ingår i: Virtue Ethics and Human Enhancement. - Dordrecht : Springer Nature. ; , s. 43-60
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter will provide concrete examples of a number of moral and epistemic virtues and show how they can help people in general to live better lives in the modern society. By ‘better’ it should be noted that I mean both in the sense they increase their own well-being and contribute to a broader improvement of society. The account provided here draws on scientific research into the ways in which people assimilate information and form their beliefs (as explained and exemplified in Chap. 3), as well as virtue theory. Further to this, the field of ‘Virtue Epistemology’ is introduced. While it is a relatively young field much interesting and, for the purposes here, highly applicable research has already been carried out.
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| 9. |
- Fröding, Barbro, Docent, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Friendly AI
- 2020
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Ingår i: Ethics and Information Technology. - : Springer. - 1388-1957 .- 1572-8439.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper we discuss what we believe to be one of the most important features of near-future AIs, namely their capacity to behave in a friendly manner to humans. Our analysis of what it means for an AI to behave in a friendly manner does not presuppose that proper friendships between humans and AI systems could exist. That would require reciprocity, which is beyond the reach of near-future AI systems. Rather, we defend the claim that social AIs should be programmed to behave in a manner that mimics a sufficient number of aspects of proper friendship. We call this “as-if friendship”. The main reason for why we believe that ‘as if friendship’ is an improvement on the current, highly submissive behavior displayed by AIs is the negative effects the latter can have on humans. We defend this view partly on virtue ethical grounds and we argue that the virtue-based approach to AI ethics outlined in this paper, which we call “virtue alignment”, is an improvement on the traditional “value alignment” approach.
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| 10. |
- Fröding, Barbro, Docent, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Introduction
- 2015
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Ingår i: SpringerBriefs in Ethic. - Cham : Springer Nature. ; , s. 1-22
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter provides a background and a schematic overview of the book. In this volume we argue that meditation enables us to influence some aspects of our biological make-up and could, for example, boost our cognitive flexibility as well as our ability (and propensity) to act compassionately. Then we proceed to seek to connect a number of such changes to an improved capacity for instilling and maintaining a range of character traits (primarily epistemic virtues) as identified by Aristotle and some modern virtue epistemologists. Cultivating the virtues is of course beneficial for the individual but it seems likely that it also has a positive effect on the surrounding society and their fellow citizens.
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