| 1. |
- Almgren, Erik, et al.
(författare)
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Brandförlopp
- 2012
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Ingår i: Brandskyddshandboken - En handbok för projektering av brandskydd i byggnader. - 1402-3504. ; , s. 211-228
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 2. |
- Andersson, Petra, et al.
(författare)
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Riskreducerande åtgärder för dödsbränder i bostäder
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Thisreport summarizes the work conducted within the project ”Analysis of physicaldeterminants and technical measures in support of the zero vision” financed bythe Civil Contingency Authority (MSB) in Sweden. The work aims to find measuresto prevent and reduce the number of fatalities in fires in residentialbuildings in a Sweden, a list of such measures is provided in the end of thereport. The list is based on work conducted in several small sub-projects, ashort summary of these is also provided in the report.
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| 3. |
- Andrée, Kristin, et al.
(författare)
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Utformning av utrymningsplats
- 2015
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- An investigation regarding the design of a safe refuge area and more specifically the means for communication from the safe refuge areawas performed. Three types of communication techniques were tested using a survey and using experiments in a virtual reality environment; a signal lamp in combination with a push button system, a text display system and finally a voice communication system. According to the Swedish building regulation public buildings and some others shall have safe refuge areas if they are not equipped with a sprinkler system. The safe refuge areas should be located on every floor except on ground floor. Currently there is a lack of guidelines on how the communication between a person staying at the refuge area in the case of a fire and another person inside or outside the building shall be designed. The results indicate that most persons using wheelchairs prefer a voice communication system. The work presents guidelines relevant when designing the safe refuge area. Different views on the design and use of a safe refuge area have been collected using interviews, questionnaires and VR-experiments.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Arias, Silvia, et al.
(författare)
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Forensic virtual reality : Investigating individual behavior in the MGM Grand fire
- 2019
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Ingår i: Fire Safety Journal. - : Elsevier BV. - 0379-7112. ; 109
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The forensic investigation of human behavior in fires can benefit from a first-hand perspective of what happened during the fire. Complementing the on-site investigation and the witnesses’ accounts with a virtual reality replication of the real fire, forensic investigators could gather valuable data from having non-victims experiencing it. This paper aims to introduce and develop the forensic virtual reality method as a tool to provide a better understanding of the behavior of the building occupants. To assess the method, a virtual reality scenario based on the conditions in a hotel room during the MGM Grand fire in 1980 was created, and 55 naïve participants were exposed to it. Their behavior was later compared to that of the survivors of the real fire. The results show that the virtual environment made approximately 50% of the participants feel urgency due to the emergency and act on it. A comparison to the data from the MGM Grand fire confirmed that real life behavior can be observed in the virtual environment, although the frequencies of actions performed were lower in the virtual reality experiments.
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| 6. |
- Arias, Silvia, et al.
(författare)
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Pursuing behavioral realism in Virtual Reality for fire evacuation research
- 2021
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Ingår i: Fire and Materials. - : Wiley. - 0308-0501 .- 1099-1018. ; 45:4, s. 462-472
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The use of virtual reality in human behavior in fire research has the advantage of being able to produce results comparable to more traditional laboratory or field experiments. This method relies not only on the technology employed but also on the participants' perception of realism when exposed to a virtual emergency scenario. A virtual scenario can be perceived as realistic based on the way it looks and on the way objects in it operates. However, in some experiments, behavioral realism can be the most relevant feature to obtain meaningful results. In this article, knowledge gained by running four different virtual reality experiments is presented in the form of challenges and recommendations to enhance the realism of the virtual experience. Although not in a comprehensive way, these challenges and recommendations refer to different parts of the process of running a virtual reality experiment for research in human behavior in fire, from the design of the environment to the behavior of the participants in it. The recommendations provided are based on observations. By spreading this knowledge, it is expected to aid the broader fire safety engineering community to develop more realistic virtual reality experiments for data collection on human behavior in fire.
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| 7. |
- Arvidson, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Sprinklersystem i fortifikationsläggningar under mark: Kostnad och nytta
- 2020
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Fortifikationsverket (FORTV) has expressed a desire to investigate the design, reliability, performance and cost of a sprinkler system for a typical underground fortification facility. Based on the cost and the benefit associated with a sprinkler system, a cost-benefit analysis was performed. In addition, water mist fire protection systems were studied. The installation cost analysis was based on two fictious facilities; a small facility with a net area of 1 000 m2 and a large facility with a 5 000 m2 net area.The estimated installation cost for a traditional sprinkler system in the smaller type facility is about SEK 1,3 million and about SEK 3,3 million for the larger type facility. The installation cost for a high-pressure water mist system is higher than that of a traditional sprinkler system for the smaller type facility but comparable for the larger type facility. A low‑pressure water mist system seems to be the least expensive option for both types of facilities. This is probably because the system, unlike a traditional sprinkler system, requires smaller pipe sizes, smaller water pumps and a smaller water tank and unlike a high-pressure system uses normal steel pipes and less expensive centrifugal pumps.The cost-benefit analysis for the fictitious type facilities shows that a sprinkler system is cost-effective, especially for the larger type facility. But it should be noted that the uncertainty in the data base is quite large, which means that the trends in the result can be used for further analysis, but that the actual values of the benefit ratio should be viewed with some caution. The sprinkler system mainly has an effect to reduce the property loss. The expected benefit for personal injury is around one percent of the total benefit of the sprinkler system. This is because the risk of fatality and injuries in the event of a fire is small, as people can usually put themselves in safety. The reduction in property loss was assumed to be 75%, and an assumed lowered benefit of sprinklers (50% and 25% property loss reduction, respectively) leads to a lower benefit ratio but for the large type facility the benefit ratio is still above 1,0. The benefit of sprinklers also decreases if the assumed fire frequency is reduced. However, for the larger type plant, the calculation shows that there is still a benefit, even if the assumed fire frequency is halved. The same applies if the cost of replacement of expensive equipment is assumed to be half as high.
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| 8. |
- Bengtsson, Staffan, et al.
(författare)
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Brandskyddsteknisk projektering
- 2005
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Ingår i: Brandskyddshandboken - En handbok för projektering av brandskydd i byggnader. - 1402-3504. ; , s. 21-49
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 9. |
- Benthorn, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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Fire alarm in a public building : how do people evaluate information and choose evacuation exit?
- 1999
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Ingår i: Fire and Materials. - 1099-1018. ; 23:6, s. 311-315
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- How people react to a fire alarm has been studied in retrospect as well as in experiments. In the present study, the choice of exit was examined with respect to the distance to exits and open or closed emergency exit. The second part deals with some communication aspects regarding identification of signs. It is shown that the subjects prefer a familiar ordinary cash exit even if the distance to that exit is longer than to the nearest emergency exit. However, if the emergency exit is open and the subjects can see the outside, an emergency exit becomes more attractive and most of the subjects choose the emergency exit. The understanding of signs important in a fire evacuation situation is very good. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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| 10. |
- Benthorn, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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Fire alarm in a public building: How do people evaluate information and choose evacuation exit?
- 1996
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- How people react on fire alarm have been studied in retrospect as well as in experiments. In the present study, the choice of exit was examined with respect to the distance to exits and open or closed emergency exit. The second part covers the question on how the subjects think and react in a situation having a small fire in the escape route. The third part deals with some communication aspects regarding identification of signs. It is shown that the subjects prefer a familiar ordinary cash exit even if the distance is longer to that exit than to the nearest emergency exit. However, if the emergency exit is open and the subjects can see the outside, the attractiveness becomes much higher for the emergency exit and most of the subjects choose the emergency exit. The identification of alarm using a ring signal perceives often as a general warning or some kind of a conventional ring-signal such as telephone or school ring signal, and it is more seldom perceived as an evacuation signal. A spoken message, on the other hand, has a great impact on understanding what to do and gives a better and more appropriate behaviour for the evacuation of the building. The understanding of signs, important in a fire evacuation situation, is very good for signs such as emergency exit but rather low for signs not so frequently used, such as a sign for radioactive material.
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