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- Edin, Per-Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Ethnic Enclaves and the Economic Success of Immigrants - Evidence from a Natural Experiment
- 2003
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Ingår i: Quarterly Journal of Economics. - 0033-5533 .- 1531-4650. ; 118:329-357
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Recent immigrants tend to locate in ethnic "enclaves" within metropolitan areas. The economic consequence of living in such enclaves is still an unresolved issue. We use an immigrant policy initiative in Sweden, when government authorities distributed ref
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| 4. |
- Edin, Per-Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Settlement Policies and the Economic Success of Immigrants
- 2000
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Many developed countries, e.g. the UK, Germany, and Sweden, use or have used settlement policies to direct the inflow of new immigrants away from immigrant dense metropolitan areas. We evaluate a reform of Swedish immigration policy that featured dispersi
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| 6. |
- Fredriksson, Rikard, et al.
(författare)
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Fatal vehicle-to-bicyclist crashes in Sweden - An in-depth study of injuries and vehicle sources
- 2012
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Ingår i: Annals of Advances in Automotive Medicine. ; , s. 25-30
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Designing effective vehicle-based countermeasures for vulnerable road users demands an understanding of the relationship between injury and injury source. The aim of this study was to explore this association for bicyclists in fatal real-life-crashes. All fatal crashes in Sweden where a bicyclist was killed when hit by the front of a passenger car between 2002 and 2008 were studied in detail using on-scene data. An analysis was performed to determine the body region containing the injury causing death, and the point of the car accountable for the fatal injury. These crashes were then compared to a previous study with the same selection criteria for vehicle-to-pedestrian fatal crashes.A combined analysis revealed that the dominating injury mechanism was head/neck injury from the windshield area. The most frequent injurious windshield parts were structural; the frame and lower parts of the glass area with instrument panel situated within the head's line of motion. This study indicates that bicyclists' injury sources were located more rearwardly on the car (e.g. windshield relative to hood), in comparison to injury sources in fatal vehicle-to- pedestrian crashes.If countermeasures to prevent fatal bicyclist injury in vehicle impacts were to be concentrated on mitigating head and thorax impact to the structural parts of the windshield, a dominant share of fatal bicyclist crashes could be prevented. This study shows that pedestrian countermeasures also have a potential for reducing injury in bicyclist crashes, but indicating that these countermeasures should be extended to address higher areas of the windshield.
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| 9. |
- Magnusson, Ann, et al.
(författare)
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The role of cytochrome b559 and tyrosineD in protection against photoinhibition during in vivo photoactivation of Photosystem II
- 1999
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Ingår i: Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Bioenergetics. - 0005-2728. ; 1411:1, s. 180-191
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In vivo photoactivation of Photosystem II was studied in the FUD39 mutant strain of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii which lacks the 23 kDa protein subunit involved in water oxidation. Dark grown cells, devoid of oxygen evolution, were illuminated at 0.8 μE m-2&#;s-1 light intensity which promotes optimal activation of oxygen evolution, or at 17 μE m-2&#;s-1, where photoactivation compete with deleterious photodamage. The involvement of the two redox active cofactors tyrosineD and cytochrome b559 during the photoactivation process, was investigated by EPR spectroscopy. TyrosineD on the D2 reaction center protein functions as auxiliary electron donor to the primary donor P680+ during the first minutes of photoactivation at 0.8 μE m-2&#;s-1 (compare with Rova et al., Biochemistry, 37 (1998) 11039-11045.). Here we show that also cytochrome b559 was rapidly oxidized during the first 10 min of photoactivation with a similar rate to tyrosineD. This implies that both cytochrome b559 and tyrosineD may function as auxiliary electron donors to P680+ and/or the oxidized tyrosine&#;Z on the D1 protein, to avoid photoinhibition before successful photoactivation was accomplished. As the catalytic water-oxidation successively became activated, TyrosineD remained oxidized while cytochrome b559 became rereduced to the equilibrium level that was observed prior to photoactivation. At 17 μE m-2&#;s-1 light intensity, where photoinhibition competes significantly with photoactivation, tyrosineD was very rapidly completely oxidized, after which the amount of oxidized tyrosineD decreased due to photoinhibition. In contrast, cytochrome b559 became reduced during the first 2 min of photoactivation at 17 μE m-2&#;s-1. After this, it was reoxidized, returning to the equilibrium level within 10 min. Thus, during in vivo photoactivation in high-light cytochrome b559 serves two functions. Initially, it probably oxidizes the reduced primary acceptor pheophytin, thereby relieving the acceptor side of reductive pressure, and later on it serves as auxiliary electron donor, preventing donor-side photoinhibition.
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| 10. |
- Rova, E Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Photoactivation and Photoinhibition Are Competing in a Mutant of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Lacking the 23-kDa Extrinsic Subunit of Photosystem II
- 1996
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Ingår i: Journal of Biological Chemistry. - 1083-351X. ; 271:46, s. 28918-28924
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The process of photoactivation has been studied in dark grown cells of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. A mutant, FUD 39, lacking the Cl-concentrating 23-kDa psbP protein of photosystem II was found to have a decreased capability to perform photoactivation. The yield of the process never reached wild type level, and contrary to the wild type, it was highly dependent on the intensity of the activating light, with a very narrow optimum around 1 µE m2 s1. The different behavior in the mutant can be explained by a requirement for a longer dark period, between the two photoacts, during the photoactivation. This is proposed to reflect the decreased Cl affinity in the mutant. Photoactivation in the mutant was also found to be very sensitive to competing photoinhibitory processes. The inhibition was located to the donor side of photosystem II and affected the photoactivation capability before electron transfer from Tyrz was inhibited. We propose an extended model for photoactivation in which an intermediate that is sensitive to photoinhibition is formed if Cl is not functionally bound to the manganese cluster.
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