| 1. |
- Heeman, Emma J., et al.
(författare)
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Predicting emotion regulation in typically developing toddlers : Insights into the joint and unique influences of various contextual predictors
- 2024
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Ingår i: International Journal of Behavioral Development. - 0165-0254 .- 1464-0651.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Emotion regulation (ER) is a source of risk and resilience for psychological development and everyday functioning. Despite extensive research on various early contextual predictors of child ER capacity, few studies have integrated them into the same study. Therefore, our longitudinal study investigated the joint and independent contributions of several prominent contextual predictors of child ER capacity. We followed typically developing children and their caregivers (N = 118, 47% girls) at three time points (children ages 10, 12, and 18 months). At 10 months, mothers reported household chaos, social support, and parenting stress, and maternal sensitivity was observed and coded with the Ainsworth’s Maternal Sensitivity Scales. At 12 months, child–mother attachment security was assessed using the Strange Situation Procedure. Finally, at 18 months, child ER was obtained with a Laboratory Temperament Assessment Battery frustration task. Correlational analyses revealed that household chaos and maternal sensitivity were significantly positively associated with child ER. Multiple regression analyses showed independent effects of household chaos and maternal sensitivity on child ER. Our partly counterintuitive results underscore the significance of cumulative risk and protective factors for ER development and suggest that household chaos and maternal sensitivity may contribute uniquely to better ER in typical toddlerhood.
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| 2. |
- Jónsdóttir, Lilja K., et al.
(författare)
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A challenge to the expected : Lack of longitudinal associations between the early caregiving environment, executive functions in toddlerhood, and self-regulation at 6 years
- 2024
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Ingår i: Developmental Science. - 1363-755X .- 1467-7687.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous research and theory indicate an importance of the quality of the early caregiving environment in the development of self-regulation. However, it is unclear how attachment security and maternal sensitivity, two related but distinct aspects of the early caregiving environment, may differentially predict self-regulation at school start and whether a distinction between hot and cool executive function is informative in characterizing such predictions through mediation. In a 5-year longitudinal study (n = 108), we examined these associations using measures of maternal sensitivity and attachment security at 10–12 months, executive function at 4 years, and self-regulation at 6 years. Surprisingly, and despite methodological rigor, we found few significant bivariate associations between the study variables. We found no credible evidence of a longitudinal association between maternal sensitivity or attachment security in infancy and self-regulation at 6 years, or between executive function at 4 years and self-regulation at 6 years. The lack of bivariate longitudinal associations precluded us from building mediation models as intended. We discuss our null findings in terms of their potential theoretical implications, as well as how measurement type, reliability, and validity, may play a key role in determining longitudinal associations between early caregiving factors and later self-regulation and related abilities.
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| 3. |
- Widegren, Ebba, et al.
(författare)
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The influence of anterior cingulate GABA+ and glutamate on emotion regulation and reactivity in adolescents and adults
- 2024
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Ingår i: Developmental Psychobiology. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0012-1630 .- 1098-2302. ; 66:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- During adolescence, emotion regulation and reactivity are still developing and are in many ways qualitatively different from adulthood. However, the neurobiological processes underpinning these differences remain poorly understood, including the role of maturing neurotransmitter systems. We combined magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and self-reported emotion regulation and reactivity in a sample of typically developed adolescents (n = 37; 13-16 years) and adults (n = 39; 30-40 years), and found that adolescents had higher levels of glutamate to total creatine (tCr) ratio in the dACC than adults. A glutamate i age group interaction indicated a differential relation between dACC glutamate levels and emotion regulation in adolescents and adults, and within-group follow-up analyses showed that higher levels of glutamate/tCr were related to worse emotion regulation skills in adolescents. We found no age-group differences in gamma-aminobutyric acid+macromolecules (GABA+) levels; however, emotion reactivity was positively related to GABA+/tCr in the adult group, but not in the adolescent group. The results demonstrate that there are developmental changes in the concentration of glutamate, but not GABA+, within the dACC from adolescence to adulthood, in accordance with previous findings indicating earlier maturation of the GABA-ergic than the glutamatergic system. Functionally, glutamate and GABA+ are positively related to emotion regulation and reactivity, respectively, in the mature brain. In the adolescent brain, however, glutamate is negatively related to emotion regulation, and GABA+ is not related to emotion reactivity. The findings are consistent with synaptic pruning of glutamatergic synapses from adolescence to adulthood and highlight the importance of brain maturational processes underlying age-related differences in emotion processing.
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| 4. |
- Widegren, Ebba, et al.
(författare)
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The influence of anterior cingulate GABA+ and glutamate on emotion regulation and reactivity in adolescents and adults
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Developmental Psychobiology. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0012-1630 .- 1098-2302. ; 66:4
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- During adolescence, emotion regulation and reactivity are still developing and are in many ways qualitatively different from adulthood. However, the neurobiological processes underpinning these differences remain poorly understood, including the role of maturing neurotransmitter systems. We combined magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and self-reported emotion regulation and reactivity in a sample of typically developed adolescents (n = 37; 13–16 years) and adults (n = 39; 30–40 years), and found that adolescents had higher levels of glutamate to total creatine (tCr) ratio in the dACC than adults. A glutamate Í age group interaction indicated a differential relation between dACC glutamate levels and emotion regulation in adolescents and adults, and within-group follow-up analyses showed that higher levels of glutamate/tCr were related to worse emotion regulation skills in adolescents. We found no age-group differences in gamma-aminobutyric acid+macromolecules (GABA+) levels; however, emotion reactivity was positively related to GABA+/tCr in the adult group, but not in the adolescent group. The results demonstrate that there are developmental changes in the concentration of glutamate, but not GABA+, within the dACC from adolescence to adulthood, in accordance with previous findings indicating earlier maturation of the GABA-ergic than the glutamatergic system. Functionally, glutamate and GABA+ are positively related to emotion regulation and reactivity, respectively, in the mature brain. In the adolescent brain, however, glutamate is negatively related to emotion regulation, and GABA+ is not related to emotion reactivity. The findings are consistent with synaptic pruning of glutamatergic synapses from adolescence to adulthood and highlight the importance of brain maturational processes underlying age-related differences in emotion processing.
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| 5. |
- Dekkers, Tycho J., et al.
(författare)
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Does Mind-Wandering Explain ADHD-Related Impairment in Adolescents?
- 2023
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Ingår i: Child Psychiatry and Human Development. - : Springer Nature. - 0009-398X .- 1573-3327.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Currently, diagnostic criteria for ADHD mainly reflect behavioral symptoms, neglecting internal phenomena like mind-wandering. Recent studies found that mind-wandering explains impairment beyond ADHD symptoms in adults. To better capture ADHD-related impairment in adolescents, we aimed to elucidate whether mind-wandering is associated with impairments that are prevalent in adolescents (i.e., risk-taking behavior, homework problems, emotional dysregulation, and general impairment) beyond ADHD symptoms. Furthermore, we sought to validate the Dutch translation of the Mind Excessively Wandering Scale (MEWS). We assessed a community sample of 626 adolescents on ADHD symptoms, mind-wandering, and the impairment domains. The Dutch MEWS had good psychometric properties. Mind-wandering was linked to general impairment and emotional dysregulation beyond ADHD symptoms, but was not linked to risk-taking behavior and homework problems beyond ADHD symptoms. Internal psychological phenomena such as mind-wandering may add to the behavioral symptoms of ADHD in explaining part of the impairment that adolescents with ADHD characteristics experience.
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| 6. |
- Frick, Matilda A., 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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Direct and Indirect Effects of Adolescent Peer Victimization and Mental Health on Academic Achievement in Early Adulthood : A 6-Year Longitudinal Cohort Study
- 2024
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Ingår i: Youth & society. - 0044-118X .- 1552-8499. ; 56:3, s. 579-596
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using a three-wave (mean age 14.4, 17.4, and 20.4 years) longitudinal design (N = 1,834; 55.6% females), we set out to map direct and indirect effects of adolescent peer victimization and mental health on academic achievement in early adulthood, and the buffering effect of positive family relations. Data was collected in Sweden 2012 to 2018. We found concurrent (βs = .13–.28) but no longitudinal transactional effects between peer victimization and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and conduct disorder (CD). Peer victimization, depression, and CD had longitudinal direct effects on poorer academic achievement in early adulthood (βs = .09–.11). Positive family relations did not moderate the effects. The results indicate that prevention and interventions against peer victimization and poor mental health may contribute to a higher proportion of individuals graduating from high school.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Frick, Matilda A, 1979-
(författare)
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Self-Regulation in Childhood : Developmental Mechanisms and Relations to ADHD Symptoms
- 2019
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Self-regulation is a multi-faceted construct that concerns goal-directed behaviors, which aid individuals in everyday life and in achieving long-term goals. Self-regulation in believed to progress in a hierarchical fashion, in that simple cognitive functions are integrated into more complex functions across development. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a heterogeneous childhood-onset disorder, characterized by deficits in various aspects of self-regulation, including core symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity, and comorbidity with externalizing disorders such as oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). The last decade has seen a shift from simple etiological models towards more complex ones, which stress multiple pathways to the disorder. In addition, there is an ongoing search for early markers of the condition, which will increase our understanding, enable early detection, intervention, and perhaps even prevention of the full disorder. Cognitive regulation, aspects of temperament (i.e. negative affect, surgency, and effortful control), and parenting are three areas of importance for self-regulation in general and of ADHD symptoms in particular. Grounded in these three constructs, informed by the hierarchical model of self-regulation development, and a multiple pathway perspective on ADHD, the present thesis aimed to map development of self-regulation, with a special focus on inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity. Four studies were conducted based on three samples, ranging from infancy to 12 years, including both typically developing children and children diagnosed with ADHD. Study I found that early sustained attention predicted later cognitive regulation, providing support for the hierarchical model of self-regulation development. In addition, maternal sensitivity contributed to higher levels of emotion regulation whereas surgency contributed to lower levels of emotion regulation. Study II gained support for a multiple pathway perspective on ADHD, in that higher temperamental regulation and maternal sensitivity contributed to lower levels of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity, and higher surgency contributed to higher levels of hyperactivity/impulsivity. Study III replicated findings from Study II and confirmed early temperament markers of later inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity, and that early cognitive regulation was a poor predictor of later symptoms. Study IV proposed contributions of multiple regulatory functions to ADHD symptoms and elevated negative affect in ODD. The latter was moderated by parental support, which seemed to be a protective factor for children with high levels of negative affect. In all, the findings point to the importance of both intrinsic and extrinsic factors in the development of self-regulation, which seems to progress in a hierarchical fashion. Aspects of temperament rather than cognitive regulation seem to be valid early markers of later inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity. Multiple pathways to ADHD symptoms are proposed, with contributions of maternal sensitivity and temperament early in development and different regulatory functions in school-aged children. In addition, elevated negative affect in combination with low parental support seem to be characteristic of ODD rather than of core symptoms of ADHD. The thesis contributes to the complexity and heterogeneity of ADHD and that ADHD is best viewed as a developmental disorder, in that the influence of various regulatory factors change over time.
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| 9. |
- Frick, Matilda, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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Elever med adhd och autism : psykologiska och pedagogiska perspektiv
- 2023
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Bok (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Boken presenterar konkreta strategier som kan användas i klassrummet för att främja lärande och delaktighet hos elever med adhd och autism.I den första delen, Psykologiska perspektiv, beskrivs diagnoskriterier, utredningsprocessen, hur adhd och autism uttrycks i vardagen samt en rad sociala och kognitiva förklaringsmodeller som är relaterade till tillstånden.Den andra delen, Pedagogiska perspektiv, knyter de psykologiska teorierna till olika vardagssituationer i skolan och redogör för olika strategier för stöd, såsom ledarskap i klassrummet, struktur i tid och rum, stöd för motivation, lärande och kamratrelationer. Boken riktar sig till specialpedagoger, speciallärare, lärare och skolpsykologer verksamma i skolan.
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| 10. |
- Frick, Matilda, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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Pervasive versus situational childhood ADHD : latent classes and their clinical characteristics, based on parent and teacher ratings in a large longitudinal population sample
- 2023
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Ingår i: European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. - : Springer Nature. - 1018-8827 .- 1435-165X.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnoses require symptoms to be present in two settings. Low levels of concordance between symptoms rated at home and school raise questions regarding this approach. The aim was to examine whether there are sub-groups with context-specific expressions of ADHD symptoms (i.e., at home or school only) with clinically significant problems sufficient to support a new diagnostic formulation. We applied latent class transition analysis to parent and teacher data (N = 10,476) from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), collected at ages 8, 10, and 20 years. We examined the short-term stability of emergent classes and their childhood and adult-associated risk profiles. In addition to an Unaffected class (similar to 45%), there was a Pervasive Combined class with elevated inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive symptoms at both home and school (similar to 11%) and three classes with situational expressions; School Combined (similar to 9%), Home Combined (similar to 18%), and School Inattentive (similar to 16%). Stability ranged from 0.27 to 0.78. The Pervasive Combined class was most symptomatic and impaired. School inattentive also displayed clinical symptom levels, whereas the School and Home Combined classes displayed subclinical levels. Different profiles regarding sex, cognition, conduct problems, and substance use emerged for the three situational classes. Distinct groupings of pervasive and situational ADHD expressions are identifiable in the general population. The isolation of a stable and burdensome Pervasive Combined class lends support to the current diagnostic approach. However, there are indications of situational expressions of ADHD with clinical symptom levels and associated difficulties.
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