| 1. |
- Baresel, Christian, et al.
(författare)
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The municipal wastewater treatment plant of the future – A water reuse facility
- 2020
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In 2015 the municipality of Simrishamn, together with IVL decided to start a project for the design, implementation and evaluation of a full-scale plant for removal of micropollutants such as pharmaceuticals and hormone disturbing substances. This ambition came true within a VINNOVA funded programme, Challenge Driven Innovation and by a decision made by the City council for the investment in a full-scale demonstration plant. As the region, including Simrishamn municipality, have been facing water shortage in recent years, it was decided to also evaluate the possibility to reuse the treated water by infiltration to the ground water. For this, an advanced treatment was added to the existing wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). The evaluation of the implemented three parallel advanced treatment systems consisting of only activated carbon (GAC), ozonation combined with sand filter, and ozonation combined with activated carbon clearly shows an added removal effect for pharmaceuticals but also other pollutants. Evaluation of the reusability of the treated water also showed positive results. The removal of pharmaceuticals, endocrine disrupting substances and antibiotics was almost 100 % and indicates that the water could be reused, e.g. by recharging to the groundwater.
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| 2. |
- Granberg, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Anthropogenic microlitter in wastewater and marine samples from Ny-Ålesund, Barentsburg and Signehamna, Svalbard
- 2019
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Antropogenic microparticles (AMPs; (0.01≤5 mm) composed of, e.g. plastic, paint, rubber or textile fibers) were analyzed in wastewater from the newly installed (2015) treatment plant in Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard and in seawater and sediments from coastal marine areas nearby. AMPs were found at all sites and in all investigated matrices. Wastewater and seawater were dominated by fibres while sediments were dominated by fragments. Higher concentrations of AMPs and higher polymeric diversity was observed closer to human activities. As much as 99 % of the incoming AMPs may be retained by the wastewater treatment plant in Ny-Ålesund. Wastewater treatment may thus substantially reduce the release of AMPs and associated contaminants to the marine environment and should be installed in the Arctic.
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| 3. |
- Granberg, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Microlitter in arctic marine benthic food chains and potential effects on sediment dwelling fauna
- 2020
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Ingår i: TemaNord report. - : Nordic Council of Ministers. ; :528
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Marine litter pollution affects oceans globally and has today also made its way to the pristine arctic environment adding to the microlitter from local pollution sources. Marine litter pollution is recognized as a serious threat to the marine environment at all levels, from the UN to regional (EU, OSPAR, HELCOM) and national authorities. The risk posed by microlitter to marine biota is related to their documented ubiquity and long residence time in marine ecosystems. Risks are also mediated by intrinsic toxicity of added chemicals and potential adsorbance of other pollutants. When released into the marine environment, a major part of microlitter likely accumulate in beach sand and marine sediments either immediately or after acquiring a biofilm. It is therefore expected that benthic food chains will be key to understanding fate and effects (i.e. concentrations, potential trophic transfer and biological impact) of microlitter in the marine environment. The overall aim of the project was to determine abundance of microlitter pollution in marine sediments and benthic food chains in the Arctic, and to evaluate the abundance in relation to potential local sources and background levels. The aim was also to investigate potential effects of microplastic pollution on benthic organisms through laboratory studies using an arctic amphipod as a model organism. The field investigations in Svalbard, Norway and Greenland focused on determining microlitter particle concentrations and characteristics in marine sediments and biota collected close to and far from potential local pollution sources and pathways, i.e. outlets of untreated wastewater and effluents from a dumping site in Sisimiut, West Greenland and outlets of treated (Ny-Ålesund) and untreated (Longyearbyen) wastewater in Svalbard. Overall, higher concentrations and a higher diversity of microlitter types and polymers were found in sediments and organisms (blue mussels and cod) closer to human settlements (wastewater outlets and dumping sites) and in places where lost and/or dumped fishing gear accumulate. Thus, we can confidently conclude that local pollution sources for anthropogenic microlitter do exist in the Arctic. The experimental studies investigated whether environmentally relevant and future predicted concentrations of microplastics could impact feeding rate, microplastic ingestion, respiration and locomotion activity in an arctic sediment dwelling amphipod. The experimental results confirm previous microplastics studies on marine invertebrates showing effect only at very high concentrations not yet relevant in the arctic environment. The shape of the plastic particles was found to affect the particle fate. While microplastic fragments were ingested, short microplastic fibres attached to the carapace of the amphipods and likely obstructed normal ventilation behaviour. Furthermore, biofilm cover was found to affect the behaviour and effects of the particles. Microlitter naturally become covered by biofilms in the environment and our results stress the importance of effect experiments being carried out using naturally fouled plastics for ecological relevance. This report provides both environmental- and impact data related to microlitter pollution in the arctic marine environment. Although the levels of microplastics required to cause effects in experimental organisms in this study were much higher than what was detected in the field, there may be other species that are more sensitive than the one tested in nature. The currently relatively low microlitter concentrations detected in the field should be considered as a “window of opportunity” to act to at least reduce local pollution. Consequently, introduction of sustainable waste management and wastewater treatment should be an important focus of local management initiatives.
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| 4. |
- Krång, Anna-Sara, et al.
(författare)
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Sammanställning av kunskap och åtgärdsförslag för att minska spridning av mikroplast från konstgräsplaner och andra utomhusanläggningar för idrott och lek
- 2019
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- IVL har genom mätningar vid lekplatser och idrottsanläggningar med gjutet gummi påvisat höga halter mikroplast i närbelägna dagvattenbrunnar. Vidare spridning i vattenmiljön har dock ej undersökts. Därtill har nuvarande situation och kunskapsläge i Sverige sammanställts för anläggningar med gjutet gummi, konstgräsplaner och ridanläggningar. Syftet med studien är att öka kunskapen om de olika anläggningstyperna som källa till mikroplast och att ta fram åtgärdsförslag för att minska spridningen av mikroplast till miljön. Projekt har utförts på uppdrag av Naturvårdsverket.
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| 5. |
- Magnusson, Kerstin, et al.
(författare)
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Atmosfäriskt nedfall av mikroskräp
- 2020
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Nedfall av luftburna mikroskopiska skräppartiklar undersöktes på elva lokaler runt om i Sverige. Luftdeponerade plastfibrer, plastfragment, gummipartiklar från fordonsdäck och bomullsfibrer kunde påvisas vid de flesta av provtagningsplatserna, även de som låg på långt avstånd från större tätorter. Studien visar att lufttransport kan vara en betydelsefull spridningsväg för mikroskräp
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| 6. |
- Winberg von Friesen, Lisa, et al.
(författare)
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An efficient and gentle enzymatic digestion protocol for the extraction of microplastics from bivalve tissue
- 2019
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Ingår i: Marine Pollution Bulletin. - : Elsevier BV. - 0025-326X. ; 142, s. 129-134
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Standardized methods for the digestion of biota for microplastic analysis are currently lacking. Chemical methods can be effective, but can also cause damage to some polymers. Enzymatic methods are known to be gentler, but often laborious, expensive and time consuming. A novel tissue digestion method with pancreatic enzymes and a pH buffer (Tris) is here presented in a comparison to a commonly applied digestion protocol with potassium hydroxide. The novel protocol demonstrates a highly efficient removal of bivalve tissue (97.7 +/- 0.2% dry weight loss) already over-night. Furthermore, it induces no impairment in terms of ability to correctly identify four pre-weathered plastic polymers and six textile fiber polymers by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy after exposure. The high-throughput protocol requires minimal handling, is of low cost and does not pose risk to the performer or the environment. It is therefore suggested as a candidate for a standardized digestion protocol, enabling successful analysis of microplastics ingested by bivalves.
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| 7. |
- Winberg von Friesen, Lisa, et al.
(författare)
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Summer sea ice melt and wastewater are important local sources of microlitter to Svalbard waters
- 2020
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Ingår i: Environment International. - : Elsevier BV. - 0160-4120 .- 1873-6750. ; 139
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Human activities leave traces of marine litter around the globe. The Arctic is, despite its remoteness, emerging as an area of no exception to this environmental issue. Arctic sea ice has previously been found to constitute a temporal sink of microplastics, but the potential release and subsequent fate of microplastics in the marine environment are yet unknown. Furthermore, the relative importance of local sources of microplastics in the Arctic marine environment is under discussion. In this study, the concentration and distribution of anthropogenic microparticles (AMPs, <5 mm, including microplastics) have been investigated in marine waters and sea ice of Svalbard. Seawater samples throughout the water column and floating sea ice samples were collected along a transect originating in Rijpfjorden, reaching northwards to the sea ice-edge. Seawater samples were also collected along a transect extending westwards from head to mouth of Kongsfjorden. Samples were collected throughout the water column with stations positioned to enable detection of potential AMP emissions from the wastewater outlet in Ny-Ålesund. Along both transects, environmental parameters were measured to explore potential correlations with AMP distribution. High concentrations of AMPs were detected in sea ice (158 ± 155 AMPs L−1). Based on both AMP concentrations and characteristics, AMPs identified in seawater of the marginal ice zone are to a large extent likely released during the melting of sea ice. The release of AMPs during summer melting of sea ice was concomitantly taking place with the ice-edge bloom, suggesting increased bioavailability to Arctic marine biota. Concentrations of AMPs were up to an order of magnitude higher in Kongsfjorden (up to 48.0 AMPs L−1) than in Rijpfjorden (up to 7.4 AMPs L−1). The distribution and composition of AMPs in Kongsfjorden suggest the wastewater outlet in Ny-Ålesund to be a likely source. Our results emphasize the importance of local point- and diffuse sources of AMPs in the Arctic and stress the urgency of considering their associated environmental impact. Implementation of regulatory policy is of importance, particularly since human activities and environmental pressures are increasing in the Arctic. © 2020 The Authors
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