| 1. |
- Allegrini, Elisa, et al.
(författare)
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Quality and generation rate of solid residues in the boiler of a waste-to-energy plant
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 270, s. 127-136
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Danish waste management system relies significantly on waste-to-energy (WtE) plants. The ash produced at the energy recovery section (boiler ash) is classified as hazardous waste, and is commonly mixed with fly ash and air pollution control residues before disposal. In this study, a detailed characterization of boiler ash from a Danish grate-based mass burn type WtE was performed, to evaluate the potential for improving ash management. Samples were collected at 10 different points along the boiler's convective part, and analysed for grain size distribution, content of inorganic elements, polychlorinated dibenzo-. p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD and PCDF), and leaching of metals. For all samples, PCDD and PCDF levels were below regulatory limits, while high pH values and leaching of e.g. Cl were critical. No significant differences were found between boiler ash from individual sections of the boiler, in terms of total content and leaching, indicating that separate management of individual ash fractions may not provide significant benefits.
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| 2. |
- Malmqvist, Johan, 1964, et al.
(författare)
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Towards CDIO Standards 3.0
- 2019
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Ingår i: The 15th International CDIO Conference Proceedings – Full Papers. - : Aahus University Library. - 2002-1593. - 9788775074594 ; , s. 44-66
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The topic of this paper is the CDIO Standards, specifically the formulation of CDIO Standards version 3.0. The paper first reviews the potential change drivers that motivate a revision of the Standards. Such change drivers are identified both externally (i.e., from outside of the CDIO community) and internally. It is found that external change drivers have affected the perceptions of what problems engineers should address, what knowledge future engineers should possess and what are the most effective teaching practices in engineering education. Internally, the paper identifies criticism of the Standards, as well as ideas for development, that have been codified as proposed additional CDIO Standards. With references to these change drivers, five areas are identified for the revision: sustainability, digitalization of teaching and learning; service; and faculty competence. A revised version of the Standards is presented. In addition, it is proposed that a new category of Standards is established, “optional standards”. Optional Standards are a complement to the twelve “basic” Standards, and serve to guide educational development and profiling beyond the current Standards. A selected set of proposed optional Standards are recommended for further evaluation and possibly acceptance by the CDIO community
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| 3. |
- Pivnenko, Kostyantyn, et al.
(författare)
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Bisphenol A and its structural analogues in household waste paper
- 2015
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Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 44, s. 39-47
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bisphenol A (BPA) is an industrial chemical produced in large volumes. Its main use is associated with polycarbonate plastic, epoxy resins and thermal paper. In contrast to other applications, thermal paper contains BPA in its un-reacted form as an additive, which is subjected to migration. Receiving a significant amount of attention from the scientific community and beyond, due to its controversial endocrine-disrupting effects, the industry is attempting to substitute BPA in variety of applications. Alternative phenolic compounds have been proposed for use in thermal paper; however, information to what extent BPA alternatives have been used in paper is sparse. The aim of the present work was to quantify BPA and its alternatives (bisphenol S (BPS), bisphenol E (BPE), bisphenol B (BPB), 4-cumylphenol (HPP) and bisphenol F (BPF)) in waste paper and board from Danish households, thermal paper receipts, non-carbon copy paper and conventional printer paper. BPA was found in all waste paper samples analysed, while BPS was identified in 73% of them. Only BPB was not identified in any of the samples. BPA and BPS were found in the majority of the receipts, which contained no measurable concentrations of the remaining alternatives. Although receipts showed the highest concentrations of BPA and BPS, office paper, flyers and corrugated boxes, together with receipts, represented the major flux of the two compounds in waste paper streams.
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| 4. |
- Pivnenko, Kostyantyn, et al.
(författare)
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Chemicals in material cycles
- 2015
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Ingår i: Proceedings Sardinia 2015. - : CISA Publisher. ; , s. 1-8
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Material recycling has been found beneficial in terms of resource and energy performance and is greatly promoted throughout the world. A variety of chemicals is used inmaterials as additives and data on their presence is sparse. The present work dealt with paper as recyclable material and diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP) as chemical in focus. The results showed variations, between 0.83 and 32 μg/g, in the presence of DiBP in Danish waste paper and board and potential accumulation due to recycling.
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| 5. |
- Pivnenko, Kostyantyn, et al.
(författare)
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Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in waste paper from danish household waste
- 2014
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Ingår i: Presented at the 5th International Conference on Engineering for Waste and Biomass Valorisation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, August 25-28, 2014.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Between 1930 and 1993 Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) were extensively used in a variety of applications throughout the world. The applications were generally divided between closed (e.g. electrical transformers) and open. One of the most important open applications was as a solvent in carbonless copy paper. Although production and use of PCBs is heavily restricted in most of the countries, prolonged use of products containing PCBs as well as their physical-chemical characteristics and persistent nature allowed them to remain in the environment. The aim of the present paper was to provide an estimation of PCB concentrations in the waste paper samples from Danish household waste. Additionally, the goal was to estimate total amount of PCBs present in European paper and discuss implications it may have on paper recycling. Paper samples coming from Danish household waste were sorted into more detailed fractions to provide the composition of the waste flow. PCBs were quantified by means of gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in all of the samples collected. Total concentrations of PCBs in paper and board ranged from 18 to 31 μg/kg. Results extrapolated to the total of European paper show that PCBs in paper represent relatively small amount when compared to other open type applications. Contamination of food with PCBs could potentially be of concern and should be assessed in more details.
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| 6. |
- Pivnenko, Kostyantyn, et al.
(författare)
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Presence of potentially critical substances in waste paper
- 2013
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Ingår i: Proceedings Sardinia 2013. - Cagliari, Italy : CISA Publisher.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The paper industry accounts for a significant share of the chemicals consumed by the industrial sector. Most of the chemicals used are additives, i.e. chemical substances added during pulp and paper preparation and final product manufacturing (conversion and printing) in order to facilitate the process itself as well as the quality or functionality of the final product. Such additives may be re-introduced to the paper production process once waste paper is recycled, leading to their accumulation and spreading in newly manufactured paper and board products. This study aimed at identification of the critical additives potentially present in paper products and quantification of a selected group of additives (Mineral Oil Hydrocarbons) in waste paper and board source segregated from Danish municipal solid waste.
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| 7. |
- Pivnenko, Kostyantyn, et al.
(författare)
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Quantification of chemical contaminants in the paper and board fractions of municipal solid waste
- 2016
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Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 51, s. 43-54
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Chemicals are used in materials as additives in order to improve the performance of the material or the production process itself. The presence of these chemicals in recyclable waste materials may potentially affect the recyclability of the materials. The addition of chemicals may vary depending on the production technology or the potential end-use of the material. Paper has been previously shown to potentially contain a large variety of chemicals. Quantitative data on the presence of chemicals in paper are necessary for appropriate waste paper management, including the recycling and re-processing of paper. However, a lack of quantitative data on the presence of chemicals in paper is evident in the literature. The aim of the present work is to quantify the presence of selected chemicals in waste paper derived from households. Samples of paper and board were collected from Danish households, including both residual and source-segregated materials, which were disposed of (e.g., through incineration) and recycled, respectively. The concentration of selected chemicals was quantified for all of the samples. The quantified chemicals included mineral oil hydrocarbons, phthalates, phenols, polychlorinated biphenyls, and selected toxic metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Pb). The results suggest large variations in the concentration of chemicals depending on the waste paper fraction analysed. Research on the fate of chemicals in waste recycling and potential problem mitigation measures should be focused on in further studies.
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| 8. |
- Pivnenko, Kostyantyn, et al.
(författare)
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Recycling of plastic waste : Presence of phthalates in plastics from households and industry
- 2016
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Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 54, s. 44-52
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Plastics recycling has the potential to substitute virgin plastics partially as a source of raw materials in plastic product manufacturing. Plastic as a material may contain a variety of chemicals, some potentially hazardous. Phthalates, for instance, are a group of chemicals produced in large volumes and are commonly used as plasticisers in plastics manufacturing. Potential impacts on human health require restricted use in selected applications and a need for the closer monitoring of potential sources of human exposure. Although the presence of phthalates in a variety of plastics has been recognised, the influence of plastic recycling on phthalate content has been hypothesised but not well documented. In the present work we analysed selected phthalates (DMP, DEP, DPP, DiBP, DBP, BBzP, DEHP, DCHP and DnOP) in samples of waste plastics as well as recycled and virgin plastics. DBP, DiBP and DEHP had the highest frequency of detection in the samples analysed, with 360 μg/g, 460 μg/g and 2700 μg/g as the maximum measured concentrations, respectively. Among other, statistical analysis of the analytical results suggested that phthalates were potentially added in the later stages of plastic product manufacturing (labelling, gluing, etc.) and were not removed following recycling of household waste plastics. Furthermore, DEHP was identified as a potential indicator for phthalate contamination of plastics. Close monitoring of plastics intended for phthalates-sensitive applications is recommended if recycled plastics are to be used as raw material in production.
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| 9. |
- Pivnenko, Kostyantyn, et al.
(författare)
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Recycling of plastic waste : screening for brominated flame retardants (BFRs)
- 2017
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Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 69:November, s. 101-109
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Flame retardants are chemicals vital for reducing risks of fire and preventing human casualties and property losses. Due to the abundance, low cost and high performance of bromine, brominated flame retardants (BFRs) have had a significant share of the market for years. Physical stability on the other hand, has resulted in dispersion and accumulation of selected BFRs in the environment and receiving biota. A wide range of plastic products may contain BFRs. This affects the quality of waste plastics as secondary resource: material recycling may potentially reintroduce the BFRs into new plastic product cycles and lead to increased exposure levels, e.g. through use of plastic packaging materials. To provide quantitative and qualitative data on presence of BFRs in plastics, we analysed bromophenols (tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), dibromophenols (2,4- and 2,6-DBP) and 2,4,6-tribromophenol (2,4,6-TBP)), hexabromocyclododecane stereoisomers (α-, β-, and γ-HBCD), as well as selected polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in samples of household waste plastics, virgin and recycled plastics. A considerable number of samples contained BFRs, with highest concentrations associated with acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS, up to 26,000,000 ng TBBPA/g) and polystyrene (PS, up to 330,000 ng ∑HBCD/g). Abundancy in low concentrations of some BFRs in plastic samples suggested either unintended addition in plastic products or degradation of higher molecular weight BFRs. The presence of currently restricted flame retardants (PBDEs and HBCD) identified in the plastic samples illustrates that circular material flows may be contaminated for extended periods. The screening clearly showed a need for improved documentation and monitoring of the presence of BFRs in plastic waste routed to recycling.
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| 10. |
- Pivnenko, Kostyantyn, et al.
(författare)
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Waste paper for recycling : Overview and identification of potentially critical substances
- 2015
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Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 45, s. 134-142
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Paper product manufacturing involves a variety of chemicals used either directly in paper and pulp production or in the conversion processes (i.e. printing, gluing) that follow. Due to economic and environmental initiatives, paper recycling rates continue to rise. In Europe, recycling has increased by nearly 20% within the last decade or so, reaching a level of almost 72% in 2012. With increasing recycling rates, lower quality paper fractions may be included. This may potentially lead to accumulation or un-intended spreading of chemical substances contained in paper, e.g. by introducing chemicals contained in waste paper into the recycling loop. This study provides an overview of chemicals potentially present in paper and applies a sequential hazard screening procedure based on the intrinsic hazard, physical-chemical and biodegradability characteristics of the substances. Based on the results, 51 substances were identified as potentially critical (selected mineral oils, phthalates, phenols, parabens, as well as other groups of chemicals) in relation to paper recycling. It is recommended that these substances receive more attention in waste paper.
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