| 1. |
- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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| 2. |
- Döscher, Ralf, et al.
(författare)
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The EC-Earth3 Earth system model for the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6
- 2022
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Ingår i: Geoscientific Model Development. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1991-959X .- 1991-9603. ; 15:7, s. 2973-3020
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Earth system model EC-Earth3 for contributions to CMIP6 is documented here, with its flexible coupling framework, major model configurations, a methodology for ensuring the simulations are comparable across different high-performance computing (HPC) systems, and with the physical performance of base configurations over the historical period. The variety of possible configurations and sub-models reflects the broad interests in the EC-Earth community. EC-Earth3 key performance metrics demonstrate physical behavior and biases well within the frame known from recent CMIP models. With improved physical and dynamic features, new Earth system model (ESM) components, community tools, and largely improved physical performance compared to the CMIP5 version, EC-Earth3 represents a clear step forward for the only European community ESM. We demonstrate here that EC-Earth3 is suited for a range of tasks in CMIP6 and beyond.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Fuentes-Franco, Ramón, et al.
(författare)
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Exploring the influence of the North Pacific Rossby wave sources on the variability of summer atmospheric circulation and precipitation over the Northern Hemisphere
- 2022
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Ingår i: Climate Dynamics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0930-7575 .- 1432-0894. ; 59:7-8, s. 2025-2039
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The influence of Rossby waves emitted in the northeastern Pacific Ocean on the Northern Hemisphere’s atmosphere during summer is analysed using ERA5 reanalysis and a new large ensemble performed with the EC-Earth3 model. The Rossby Wave Sources (RWS) trigger wave-like patterns arising from the upper troposphere of the north-eastern Pacific region, causing a response around the Northern Hemisphere with alternating regions of positive and negative correlation values between RWS and geopotential height at 500 hPa. Increased RWS intensity during summer is related to negative temperature anomalies over western North America, and positive temperature anomalies over eastern North America, concurrently with increased precipitation over the western subtropical Atlantic and Northern Europe during summer. Colder than normal conditions on the North Pacific Ocean intensify the RWS and its impact on the global atmospheric circulation. Different warm or cold states in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans modify the atmospheric response to RWS, showing a change in the middle troposphere (500 hPa) towards a more-wavy structure with cold Pacific conditions, and towards a less-wavy structure with a warm Pacific Ocean. Furthermore, the North Atlantic plays a very important role in hindering (in the case of warm water) or permitting (cold water) that Rossby waves generated in the Pacific modulate the atmospheric conditions over Europe.
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| 5. |
- Fuentes-Franco, Ramón, et al.
(författare)
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Winter heavy precipitation events over Northern Europe modulated by a weaker NAO variability by the end of the 21st century
- 2023
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Ingår i: npj Climate and Atmospheric Science. - 2397-3722. ; 6:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We use an ensemble of models participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) to analyse the number of days with extreme winter precipitation over Northern Europe and its relationship to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), for the historical period 1950-2014 and two future 21st-century scenarios. Here we find that over Northern Europe, the models project twice more extreme precipitation days by the end of the 21st century under the high-emission scenario compared to the historical period. We also find a weakening of the NAO variability in the second half of the 21st century in the high greenhouse gas emission scenario compared to the historical period, as well as an increasing correlation between extreme winter precipitation events and the NAO index in both future scenarios. Models with a projected decrease in the NAO variability across the 21st century show a positive trend in the number of days with extreme winter precipitation over Northern Europe. These results highlight the role played by NAO in modulating extreme winter precipitation events.
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| 6. |
- Koenigk, Torben, et al.
(författare)
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Deep mixed ocean volume in the Labrador Sea in HighResMIP models
- 2021
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Ingår i: Climate Dynamics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0930-7575 .- 1432-0894. ; 57:7-8, s. 1895-1918
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Simulations from seven global coupled climate models performed at high and standard resolution as part of the high resolution model intercomparison project (HighResMIP) are analyzed to study deep ocean mixing in the Labrador Sea and the impact of increased horizontal resolution. The representation of convection varies strongly among models. Compared to observations from ARGO-floats and the EN4 data set, most models substantially overestimate deep convection in the Labrador Sea. In four out of five models, all four using the NEMO-ocean model, increasing the ocean resolution from 1 degrees to 1/4 degrees leads to increased deep mixing in the Labrador Sea. Increasing the atmospheric resolution has a smaller effect than increasing the ocean resolution. Simulated convection in the Labrador Sea is mainly governed by the release of heat from the ocean to the atmosphere and by the vertical stratification of the water masses in the Labrador Sea in late autumn. Models with stronger sub-polar gyre circulation have generally higher surface salinity in the Labrador Sea and a deeper convection. While the high-resolution models show more realistic ocean stratification in the Labrador Sea than the standard resolution models, they generally overestimate the convection. The results indicate that the representation of sub-grid scale mixing processes might be imperfect in the models and contribute to the biases in deep convection. Since in more than half of the models, the Labrador Sea convection is important for the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), this raises questions about the future behavior of the AMOC in the models.
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| 7. |
- Koenigk, Torben, et al.
(författare)
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Towards normal Siberian winter temperatures?
- 2019
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Ingår i: International Journal of Climatology. - : Wiley. - 0899-8418 .- 1097-0088. ; 39:11, s. 4567-4574
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Siberia is a region where despite global warming a winter cooling trend has been observed over last decades. This cooling trend and its potential linkage to Arctic sea ice loss are controversially discussed. However, recent winters have not been taken into account so far. Here, we analyse ERA-Interim reanalysis data until 2017 and ERA20C reanalysis to investigate the robustness of the winter surface air temperature trends to updated and extended time periods. Our results show that winter temperatures in Siberia were above normal after 2013 leading to strongly reduced cooling trends since 1980. The trend before 2014 was dominated by four cold winters between 2010 and 2013. These cold winters were mainly caused by strong negative phases of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), except for the winter 2011/2012, where the NAO was positive and a strongly negative phase of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) in combination with low sea ice in the Barents Sea caused the cold winter. Both NAO and PDO shift from more negative to positive phases in 2014 and contribute to a return to warmer Siberian temperatures. Furthermore, the NAO shows no trend between 1980 and 2017 indicating that the suggested linkage between Arctic sea ice loss and a negative trend in this mode is not robust. However, continuously low Arctic sea ice in recent years and a slightly negative trend in the PDO since 1980 contribute to the remaining observed cold trends over parts of Eurasia between 1980 and 2017.
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| 8. |
- Meccia, Virna L., et al.
(författare)
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Internal multi-centennial variability of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation simulated by EC-Earth3
- 2023
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Ingår i: Climate Dynamics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0930-7575 .- 1432-0894. ; 60:11-12, s. 3695-3712
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report a multi-centennial oscillation of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) simulated by the EC-Earth3 climate model under the pre-industrial climate. This oscillation has an amplitude of ~ 6 Sv and a period of ~ 150 years and significantly impacts the atmosphere. We find that it is a self-sustained low-frequency internal variability, driven by the accumulation of salinity anomalies in the Arctic and their release into the North Atlantic, affecting the water column stability and the deep convection. Sea ice plays a major role in creating the salinity anomaly in the Arctic, while the anomalous Arctic oceanic circulation, which drives the exchange of liquid freshwater between the Arctic and the open ocean, is the main responsible for its southward propagation. Interestingly, EC-Earth3 simulations with increased greenhouse concentrations, and therefore under a warmer climate, do not exhibit these strong AMOC fluctuations. We hypothesize that in a quasi-equilibrium climate with a global air surface temperature 4.5° higher than the pre-industrial period, the low amount of sea ice in the high latitudes of the North Atlantic is no longer able to trigger the mechanism.
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| 9. |
- Wyser, Klaus, et al.
(författare)
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The SMHI Large Ensemble (SMHI-LENS) with EC-Earth3.3.1
- 2021
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Ingår i: Geoscientific Model Development. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1991-959X .- 1991-9603. ; 14:7, s. 5781-5796
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute used the global climate model EC-Earth3 to perform a large ensemble of simulations (SMHI-LENS). It consists of 50 members, covers the period 1970 to 2100, and comprises the SSP1-1.9, SSP3-3.4, SSP5-3.4-OS, and SSP5-8.5 scenarios. Thus, it is currently the only large ensemble that allows for analyzing the effect of delayed mitigation actions versus no mitigation efforts and versus earlier efforts leading to similar radiative forcing at the year 2100. We describe the set-up of the SMHI-LENS in detail and provide first examples of its application. The ensemble mean future changes in key variables in the atmosphere and ocean are analyzed and compared against the variability across the ensemble members. In agreement with other large-ensemble simulations, we find that the future changes in the near-surface temperature are more robust than those for precipitation or sea level pressure. As an example of a possible application of the SMHI-LENS, we analyze the probability of exceeding specific global surface warming levels in the different scenarios. None of the scenarios is able to keep global warming in the 21st century below 1.5 degrees C. In SSP1-1.9 there is a probability of approximately 70% to stay below 2 degrees C warming, while all other SSPs exceed this target in every single member of SMHI-LENS during the course of the century. We also investigate the point in time when the SSP5-8.5 and SSP5-3.4 ensembles separate, i.e., when their differences become significant, and likewise when the SSP5-3.4-OS and SSP4-3.4 ensembles become similar. Last, we show that the time of emergence of a separation between different scenarios can vary by several decades when reducing the ensemble size to 10 members.
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