| 1. |
- Fumagalli, Davide, 1993
(författare)
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Antibiotic Resistance, Meat Consumption and the Harm Principle
- 2023
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Ingår i: Ethics Policy & Environment. - : Informa UK Limited. - 2155-0085 .- 2155-0093. ; 26:1, s. 53-68
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper vindicates using the harm principle (HP) to justify restricting consumer's access to meat products in light of the impact that it has on the development of antibiotic resistance (ABR). In particular, the study claims that, since an individual instance of consumption, or purchase of meat, meaningfully contributes to the development of ABR in farming environments, a state intervention limiting consumer freedom would be legitimate. The causal impact of individuals in greater-scale problems has long been debated and dismissed as not relevant. The study analyzed two possible formulations of the inconsequentialist objection. While the first formulation, which maintains that individuals have no impact, can be rejected independently of the context of application, rejecting the second formulation, which maintains that this impact is insufficient to warrant applying HP, is more difficult. In order to successfully respond to this version of inconsequentialism, the paper vindicates the value of considering ABR and ABR-related harm within a more traditional expected utility arguments.
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| 2. |
- Malmqvist, Erik, et al.
(författare)
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Pharmaceutical Pollution from Human use and the Polluter Pays Principle
- 2023
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Ingår i: Public Health Ethics. - 1754-9973 .- 1754-9981. ; 16:2, s. 152-164
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Human consumption of pharmaceuticals often leads to environmental release of residues via urine and faeces, creating environmental and public health risks. Policy responses must consider the normative question how responsibilities for managing such risks, and costs and burdens associated with that management, should be distributed between actors. Recently, the Polluter Pays Principle (PPP) has been advanced as rationale for such distribution. While recognizing some advantages of PPP, we highlight important ethical and practical limitations with applying it in this context: PPP gives ambiguous and arbitrary guidance due to difficulties in identifying the salient polluter. Moreover, when PPP does identify responsible actors, these may be unable to avoid or mitigate their contribution to the pollution, only able to avoid/mitigate it at excessive cost to themselves or others, or excusably ignorant of contributing. These limitations motivate a hybrid framework where PPP, which emphasizes holding those causing large-scale problems accountable, is balanced by the Ability to Pay Principle (APP), which emphasizes efficiently managing such problems. In this framework, improving wastewater treatment and distributing associated financial costs across water consumers or taxpayers stand out as promising responses to pharmaceutical pollution from human use. However, sound policy depends on empirical considerations requiring further study.
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| 3. |
- Munthe, Christian, 1962, et al.
(författare)
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Healthcare must stop ignoring future patients!
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Medical Ethics Blog. - London : BMJ. ; :2020-11-11
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Most countries with publicly funded healthcare systems have ethically informed priority setting schemes to decide how to allocate scarce resources. Established principles in such schemes recognise patients’ need of care, the effects of interventions, and background requirements of equal consideration and cost-effectiveness. However, the typical use of such schemes is alarmingly short-sighted, systematically allowing the future resource base of healthcare to be undermined. In short: our way of helping current patients is systematically exposing future patients to serious harm and risk.
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| 4. |
- Munthe, Christian, 1962, et al.
(författare)
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Sustainability principle for the ethics of healthcare resource allocation
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Medical Ethics. - : BMJ. - 0306-6800 .- 1473-4257. ; 47:2, s. 90-97
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We propose a principle of sustainability to complement established principles used for justifying healthcare resource allocation. We argue that the application of established principles of equal treatment, need, prognosis and cost-effectiveness gives rise to what we call negative dynamics: a gradual depletion of the value possible to generate through healthcare. These principles should therefore be complemented by a sustainability principle, making the prospect of negative dynamics a further factor to consider, and possibly outweigh considerations highlighted by the other principles. We demonstrate how this principle may take different forms, and show that a commitment to sustainability is supported by considerations internal to the ethical principles already guiding healthcare resource allocation. We also consider two objections. The first of these, we argue, is either based on implausible assumptions or begs the question, whereas the second can be adequately accommodated by the principle we propose.
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| 5. |
- Munthe, Christian, 1962, et al.
(författare)
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Sustainable healthcare resource allocation, grounding theories and operational principles: response to our commentators
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Medical Ethics. - : BMJ. - 0306-6800 .- 1473-4257. ; 47:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We proposed adding a sustainability principle to the operational ethical principles guiding public healthcare resources allocation decisions. All our commentators acknowledge our core message: healthcare needs to pay (much better) attention to the future. They also strengthen our proposal by offering additional support by luck egalitarian and Rawlsian arguments, and helpfully point out ambiguities and gaps requiring attention in the further development of the proposal, and its practical implementation. We here consider some more substantial objections, and conclude that our proposal stands strong in light of these.
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