| 1. |
- Franz, D, et al.
(författare)
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Towards long-term standardised carbon and greenhouse gas observations for monitoring Europe´s terrestrial ecosystems: a review
- 2018
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Ingår i: International Agrophysics. - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 0236-8722 .- 2300-8725. ; 32, s. 439-455
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research infrastructures play a key role in launching a new generation of integrated long-term, geographically distributed observation programmes designed to monitor climate change, better understand its impacts on global ecosystems, and evaluate possible mitigation and adaptation strategies. The pan-European Integrated Carbon Observation System combines carbon and greenhouse gas (GHG; CO2, CH4, N2O, H2O) observations within the atmosphere, terrestrial ecosystems and oceans. High-precision measurements are obtained using standardised methodologies, are centrally processed and openly available in a traceable and verifiable fashion in combination with detailed metadata. The Integrated Carbon Observation System ecosystem station network aims to sample climate and land-cover variability across Europe. In addition to GHG flux measurements, a large set of complementary data (including management practices, vegetation and soil characteristics) is collected to support the interpretation, spatial upscaling and modelling of observed ecosystem carbon and GHG dynamics. The applied sampling design was developed and formulated in protocols by the scientific community, representing a trade-off between an ideal dataset and practical feasibility. The use of open-access, high-quality and multi-level data products by different user communities is crucial for the Integrated Carbon Observation System in order to achieve its scientific potential and societal value.
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| 2. |
- Füss, Roland, et al.
(författare)
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Financial crises, price discovery, and information transmission : a high-frequency perspective
- 2018
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Ingår i: Financial markets and portfolio management. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1575-0698 .- 1934-4554 .- 2373-8529. ; 32:4, s. 333-365
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper examines the price discovery processes before and during the 2007-2009 subprime and financial crisis, as well as the subsequent European sovereign crisis, for American and German stock and bond markets, as well as for U.S. Dollar/Euro FX. Based on 5-s intervals, we analyze how asset prices interact conditional on macroeconomic announcements from the USA and Germany. Our results show significant co-movement and spillover effects in returns and volatility, reflecting systematic information transmission mechanisms among asset markets. We document strong state dependence with a substantial increase in inter-asset spillovers and feedback effects during times of crisis.
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| 3. |
- Gentsch, Norman, et al.
(författare)
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Temperature response of permafrost soil carbon is attenuated by mineral protection
- 2018
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Ingår i: Global Change Biology. - : Wiley. - 1354-1013 .- 1365-2486. ; 24:8, s. 3401-3415
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Climate change in Arctic ecosystems fosters permafrost thaw and makes massive amounts of ancient soil organic carbon (OC) available to microbial breakdown. However, fractions of the organic matter (OM) may be protected from rapid decomposition by their association with minerals. Little is known about the effects of mineral-organic associations (MOA) on the microbial accessibility of OM in permafrost soils and it is not clear which factors control its temperature sensitivity. In order to investigate if and how permafrost soil OC turnover is affected by mineral controls, the heavy fraction (HF) representing mostly MOA was obtained by density fractionation from 27 permafrost soil profiles of the Siberian Arctic. In parallel laboratory incubations, the unfractionated soils (bulk) and their HF were comparatively incubated for 175 days at 5 and 15 degrees C. The HF was equivalent to 70 +/- 9% of the bulk CO2 respiration as compared to a share of 63 +/- 1% of bulk OC that was stored in the HF. Significant reduction of OC mineralization was found in all treatments with increasing OC content of the HF (HF-OC), clay-size minerals and Fe or Al oxyhydroxides. Temperature sensitivity (Q10) decreased with increasing soil depth from 2.4 to 1.4 in the bulk soil and from 2.9 to 1.5 in the HF. A concurrent increase in the metal-to-HF-OC ratios with soil depth suggests a stronger bonding of OM to minerals in the subsoil. There, the younger C-14 signature in CO2 than that of the OC indicates a preferential decomposition of the more recent OM and the existence of a MOA fraction with limited access of OM to decomposers. These results indicate strong mineral controls on the decomposability of OM after permafrost thaw and on its temperature sensitivity. Thus, we here provide evidence that OM temperature sensitivity can be attenuated by MOA in permafrost soils.
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| 4. |
- Pavelka, M., et al.
(författare)
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Standardisation of chamber technique for CO2, N2O and CH4 fluxes measurements from terrestrial ecosystems
- 2018
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Ingår i: International Agrophysics. - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 0236-8722 .- 2300-8725. ; 32:4, s. 569-587
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Chamber measurements of trace gas fluxes between the land surface and the atmosphere have been conducted for almost a century. Different chamber techniques, including static and dynamic, have been used with varying degrees of success in estimating greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O) fluxes. However, all of these have certain disadvantages which have either prevented them from providing an adequate estimate of greenhouse gas exchange or restricted them to be used under limited conditions. Generally, chamber methods are relatively low in cost and simple to operate. In combination with the appropriate sample allocations, chamber methods are adaptable for a wide variety of studies from local to global spatial scales, and they are particularly well suited for in situ and laboratory-based studies. Consequently, chamber measurements will play an important role in the portfolio of the Pan-European long-term research infrastructure Integrated Carbon Observation System. The respective working group of the Integrated Carbon Observation System Ecosystem Monitoring Station Assembly has decided to ascertain standards and quality checks for automated and manual chamber systems instead of defining one or several standard systems provided by commercial manufacturers in order to define minimum requirements for chamber measurements. The defined requirements and recommendations related to chamber measurements are described here.
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| 5. |
- Stenvall, David, 1994-
(författare)
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Essays on Housing Markets and Financial Shocks : Energy Efficiency, Dependence, and Dynamics
- 2024
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- There are two important lessons to be learned from the global financial crisis of 2007-2009. First, it emphasized the importance of understanding the driving forces behind housing markets and their linkages with other economic sectors. Second, it demonstrated how shocks originating in financial markets can impact the overall economy. This thesis aims to provide new empirical insights into the complex dynamics and drivers of housing markets, and to understand how financial fluctuations can affect the Swedish macroeconomy. Throughout this thesis, the theme of heterogeneity has been thoroughly explored. For example, most chapters focus on how different regions and sectors are affected by macroeconomic variables or shocks. My aim has also been to examine the effects on different housing types and explore outcomes for variables that have previously received limited attention in the literature. The thesis consists of five separate chapters/articles that deal with various aspects related to the housing market or how financial shocks affect the macroeconomy. In the first chapter, the relationships between prices of energy commodities (oil, coal, and natural gas) and nine regional housing markets in the USA are examined. Instead of only examining the relationship between oil prices and the housing market, the study expands the literature by including additional energy commodities. Additionally, the study uses methods aimed at measuring not only linear but also non-linear relationships. In the second chapter, we investigate the effect of energy efficiency on the sale price of tenant-owned apartments in Sweden. Despite numerous studies examining how energy efficiency affects the sale prices of single-family houses, no previous study has focused solely on tenant-owned apartments. The results show mixed effects of energy efficiency. The study indicates that there is a need for more targeted measures if the goal is to fully integrate energy efficiency into prices of tenant-owned apartments. In the third chapter, a Panel VAR (Vector Autoregression) with interaction variables (IPVAR) is used to analyze how institutional factors, related to rental market size and regulations, can explain the response of housing markets in different countries to macroeconomic shocks. In the fourth chapter, structural VAR models (Bayesian and factor-augmented) are used to provide a comprehensive overview of how financial shocks affect the Swedish labor market. Instead of only focusing on how financial shocks affect the labor market at the national level, the study also examines the effects on regions and sectors. The results suggest a significant variation in response across different sectors and regions. In the fifth chapter, just like in the fourth, VAR models are used to investigate how financial shocks affect the Swedish housing market at both national and regional levels. The analysis reveals that financial shocks tend to affect prices more than housing starts and building permits. From the regional analysis, it is found that house prices in some areas are more sensitive to financial shocks than others. Prices in areas with inelastic supply react more strongly than those in elastic areas, although this result is highly dependent on the model specification.
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