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- Lu, Yingchang, et al.
(författare)
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New loci for body fat percentage reveal link between adiposity and cardiometabolic disease risk
- 2016
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Ingår i: Nature Communications. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2041-1723. ; 7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To increase our understanding of the genetic basis of adiposity and its links to cardiometabolic disease risk, we conducted a genome-wide association meta-analysis of body fat percentage (BF%) in up to 100,716 individuals. Twelve loci reached genome-wide significance (P<5 × 10(-8)), of which eight were previously associated with increased overall adiposity (BMI, BF%) and four (in or near COBLL1/GRB14, IGF2BP1, PLA2G6, CRTC1) were novel associations with BF%. Seven loci showed a larger effect on BF% than on BMI, suggestive of a primary association with adiposity, while five loci showed larger effects on BMI than on BF%, suggesting association with both fat and lean mass. In particular, the loci more strongly associated with BF% showed distinct cross-phenotype association signatures with a range of cardiometabolic traits revealing new insights in the link between adiposity and disease risk.
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| 3. |
- Dreha-Kulaczewski, Steffi, et al.
(författare)
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Folate receptor α deficiency : Myelin‐sensitive MRI as a reliable biomarker to monitor the efficacy and long‐term outcome of a new therapeutic approach
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Ingår i: Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease. - 0141-8955. ; , s. 1-17
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cerebral folate transport deficiency, caused by a genetic defect in folate recep-torα, is a devastating neurometabolic disorder that, if untreated, leads to epi-leptic encephalopathy, psychomotor decline and hypomyelination. Currently,there are limited data on effective dosage and duration of treatment, thoughearly diagnosis and therapy with folinic acid appears critical. The aim of thislong-term study was to identify new therapeutic approaches and novel bio-markers for assessing efficacy, focusing on myelin-sensitive MRI. Clinical, bio-chemical, structural and quantitative MRI parameters of seven patients withgenetically confirmed folate receptorαdeficiency were acquired over 13 years.Multimodal MRI approaches comprised MR-spectroscopy (MRS), magnetiza-tion transfer (MTI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) sequences. Patientsstarted oral treatment immediately following diagnosis or in an interval of upto 2.5 years. Escalation to intravenous and intrathecal administration was per-formed in the absence of effects. Five patients improved, one with a presymp-tomatic start of therapy remained symptom-free, and one with inconsistenttreatment deteriorated. While CSF 5-methyltetrahydrofolate and MRS parame-ters normalized immediately after therapy initiation, myelin-sensitive MTI andDTI measures correlated with gradual clinical improvement and ongoing mye-lination under therapy. Early initiation of treatment at sufficient doses, consid-ering early intrathecal applications, is critical for favorable outcome. Themajority of patients showed clinical improvements that correlated best withMTI parameters, allowing individualized monitoring of myelination recovery.Presymptomatic therapy seems to ensure normal development and warrantsnewborn screening. Furthermore, the quantitative parameters of myelin-sensitive MRI for therapy assessments can now be used for hypomyelinationdisorders in general.
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- Gärtner, Manja, et al.
(författare)
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Do we all coordinate in the long run?
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of the Economic Science Association (JESA). - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2199-6776 .- 2199-6784. ; 9:1, s. 16-33
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Players often fail to coordinate on the efficient equilibrium in laboratory weak-link coordination games. In this paper, we investigate whether such coordination failures can be mitigated by increasing the number of rounds or altering per-period stakes. We find that neither time horizon nor stakes affect equilibrium selection. In contrast to previous findings, players are not more likely to play above the previous period’s minimum choice when the horizon is longer or per-period stakes lower. We also investigate which socio-demographic factors and behavioral traits correlate most strongly with play both in the first round and in subsequent rounds. Cognitive ability as measured by a cognitive reflection test stands out as the characteristic that is most strongly associated with efficient coordination.
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| 5. |
- Gärtner, Manja, 1986-
(författare)
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Prosocial Behavior and Redistributive Preferences
- 2015
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This Ph.D. thesis contains four independent essays. The essays are summarized as follows.Essay I: Status quos and the prosociality of intuitive decision makingThis study investigates how the prosociality of intuitive choices depends on the presence of a status quo. I present the results of a dictator game experiment with a non-student sample. The dictator game is a choice between a selfish option and a fair and efficient option, and has either no status quo, a selfish status quo or a fair status quo. Intuitive choices are elicited in two ways, by an exogenous variation in time pressure and by measuring response times. I find that time pressure decreases the share of fair choices in decisions without a status quo, but has no effect in the presence of a status quo. Fair and selfish choices have equal response times in a decision without a status quo, whereas the status quo option is always chosen faster, i.e. fast choices are fair under a fair status quo and selfish under a selfish status quo. This suggests that the decision context critically affects whether intuitive choices are prosocial or selfish.Essay II: Risk preferences and the demand for redistributionIf individuals view redistributive policy as an insurance against future negative economic shocks, then the demand for redistribution increases in individual risk aversion. We provide a direct test of the correlation between the demand for redistribution and individual risk aversion in a customized survey and find that they are strongly and robustly positively correlated: more risk averse people demand more redistribution. We also replicate the results from previous literature and, on the one hand, find that the demand for redistribution is positively correlated with altruism, the belief that individual economic success is the result of luck rather than effort, a working-class parental background and downward mobility experience and expectations. On the other hand, preferences for redistribution are negatively correlated with income, a conservative political ideology and upward mobility experience and expectations. The magnitude of the correlation between risk aversion and the demand for redistribution is comparable to the magnitude of these previously identified, and here replicated, correlates. Essay III: Omission effects in trolley problems with economic outcomesThis paper tests how ethical views and hypothetical choices in a trolley problem with economic outcomes depend on whether an outcome is the result of an action or an omission. In a vignette experiment, subjects read about a spectator that harms one person in order to save five others from harm either by taking an action or by omission, whereas the outcomes are either death or loss of property. The results show that the distinction between harmful actions and harmful omissions is significantly smaller in the economic domain, suggesting that omission effects in trolley problems are domain-specific. A comparison of moral views about harmful actions across outcome domains shows that this difference is driven by subjects being more outcome-focused when property rather than lives are at stake. Essay IV: Is there an omission effect in prosocial behavior?We investigate whether individuals are more prone to act selfishly if they can passively allow for an outcome to be implemented (omission) rather than having to make an active choice (commission). In most settings, active and passive choice alternatives differ in terms of factors such as the presence of a suggested option, costs of taking an action, and awareness. We isolate the omission effect from confounding factors in two experiments, and find no evidence that the distinction between active and passive choices has an independent effect on the propensity to implement selfish outcomes. This suggests that increased selfishness through omission, as observed in various economic choice situations, is driven by other factors than a preference for selfish omissions.
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