| 1. |
- Frogner-Kockum, Paul, et al.
(författare)
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Metal contaminant fluxes across the sediment water interface
- 2016
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Ingår i: Marine Pollution Bulletin. - : Elsevier BV. - 0025-326X. ; 111:1-2, s. 321-329
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To date,most estimates of contaminant fluxes across the sediment/water interface in risk assessments have been done using diffusive flux models. However, the reliability of these is limited as the overall flux from the sediment may have contributions caused by advection and bioturbation. We found through a comparison of modelled fluxes versus measured fluxes, that the methods Benthic Flux Chamber and surface leaching tests in a risk assessment context showed similar magnitude while calculated fluxes deviated at least by a factor of 100 from measured fluxes. This may be explained by the flux contribution in connection with bioturbation. The chambermeasured fluxes of copper were low compared to those of zinc and cobalt, but this is consistent with leaching tests that indicated copper to be more strongly bound. Risk assessments based on total concentrations may be misleading.
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| 2. |
- Almström, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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Experiences of nature-based solutions for mitigating ship-induced erosion in confined coastal waters
- 2022
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Ingår i: Ecological Engineering. - : Elsevier BV. - 0925-8574. ; 180
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hydrodynamic forces from ships operating in sheltered, confined fairways can result in increased wave impact and sediment transport leading to loss of land and habitats. Nature-based solutions (NBS) offer the potential to mitigate ship-induced erosion and increase biodiversity and ecosystem services. The aim of this study is to evaluate the performance of NBS in a sheltered, confined fairway located in a cold, temperate region. The case study presents the results of a 2.5-year study of the morphologic response at two sites where NBS was implemented to mitigate bluff erosion and at one site where NBS was implemented to mitigate the retreat of a reed belt. Moreover, a qualitative assessment was made of the vegetation development at the sites. The results showed that fine sediments with planted vegetation could not withstand the hydrodynamic forces induced by the ships. However, by adding sills as stabilizing structures, the forces were sufficiently attenuated for the vegetation to establish. The vegetation, which reduced the ship-generated waves and currents, was especially important during high water-level events when the energy dissipation by the sill decreased. Moreover, a small-scale nourishment was successfully applied to mitigate bluff erosion without negatively affecting sediment supply to an adjacent sandy beach. This study demonstrates that NBS can be implemented to retain erodible sediment and favour vegetation growth in fairways experiencing primary and secondary waves produced by large, ocean-going ships.
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| 3. |
- Almström, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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Protecting intra-coastal fairways from ship waves using living shorelines techniques : A full scale experiment
- 2023
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Ingår i: Coastal Sediments 2023. - : WORLD SCIENTIFIC. - 9789811279898 ; , s. 2008-2018
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This study evaluates the effectiveness of applying living shoreline techniques for protecting reed belts and eroding bluffs in an intra-coastal fairway with intense traffic by ocean-going vessels. The re-establishment of the reed belt can be explained by the dissipation of the hydrodynamic forces by the sill structure. There is a negative relationship between vegetation growth and wave exposure due to washout from the rhizome layer and destabilization of the reed belt fringe by excessive wave forces. A stabilizing structure in front of vegetation may reduce the washout of seeds and promote the establishment and survival of sprouts. The stabilization of the bluff can be explained by that the protective measure reducing waves attacking the bluff base. Waves attacking the bluff base are one of the dominant processes for bluff erosion. In this study, the wave forces were reduced by the sill and the vegetation on the foreshore, in combination with elevated the bluff base due to the foreshore. After reinforcing the sills in September 2019 there has been no need for maintenance of the protective measures. The results after a four-year study period indicate reed growth can be promoted by installing a sill parallel to the shore and that eroding bluffs can be stabilized by creating a vegetated foreshore in front of the bluff combined with a shore parallel sill. This study showcases the potential of using living shoreline techniques in fairways exposed to intense ship traffic from larger vessels to promote reed growth and reduce bluff erosion.
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| 4. |
- Andersson-Sköld, Yvonne, 1957-, et al.
(författare)
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Ramverk för att prioritera och bedöma nyttan av klimatanpassningsåtgärder
- 2023
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Klimatförändringarna är idag påtagliga och även om vi snabbt får ner utsläppen av växthusgaser kommer fler, mer omfattande och mer kostsamma klimatrelaterade händelser att inträffa alltmer ofta. Kostnaderna inom den svenska transportsektorn för klimatrelaterade händelser som skadar gator, vägar, spår-/järnväg, med flera sårbara delar av infrastrukturen är stora redan idag och förväntas öka. Översvämningar, bränder och skador till följd av väderrelaterade händelser på anläggningar resulterar bland annat i minskad framkomlighet och en ökad risk för olyckor. För att upprätthålla transportsystemets funktion är det därför viktigt att vi vidtar riskreducerande åtgärder för att minska sannolikheten och omfattningen av negativa konsekvenser av både dagens klimat- och väderrelaterade händelser men framför allt för att hantera framtida klimatrelaterade händelser. Det är nödvändigt att säkerställa transportsystemets funktion vid extrema väderhändelser, och under perioder av långvarig nederbörd, långvariga värmeböljor och förändrade nederbördsmönster. Det gäller också att redan idag möjliggöra anpassningsåtgärder för att hantera långsiktiga förändringar som höjd havsvattennivå och grundvattennivåer, som påverkar infrastrukturens framkomlighet och livslängd.I denna rapport presenteras sammanfattande resultat och en sammanfattning av hur ett ramverk för att utvärdera klimatrelaterade effektsamband har använts. Med effektsamband avses att identifiera, bedöma och värdera klimatrelaterade risker och riskreducerande åtgärder. I denna rapport är fokus på att identifiera, bedöma och utvärdera effektiviteten av klimatrelaterade åtgärder. Resultatet av det framtagna ramverket kan användas för att analysera riskreducerande åtgärders effekter, det vill säga för att bedöma om det är relevant att genomföra en åtgärd, när i tiden den bör genomföras samt för att bedöma vilken åtgärd som är mest relevant att genomföra. De risker som beaktas genom fallstudier innefattar brandrisk, olycksrisk på gator och vägar på grund av nollgenomgångar eller värme, översvämning, erosion och skred och påverkan på vägkonstruktionen (spårbildning, bärighet och utmattning), solkurvor och risker vid kraftiga vindar. Testerna har innefattat faro- och riskidentifiering, riskanalys, identifiering och utvärdering av möjliga åtgärder. Exempel på fallstudier är Gävleregnet 2021, ett skyfall i Kungsbacka kommun 2019, erosionsrelaterade förändringar under lång tid vid Österdalälven och beräkningar av påverkan av temperatur, fuktighet och förändringar i tjälförändringsmönster på vägkonstruktionen vid E10 vid Svappavaara. I en av de fallstudier som sammanfattas i rapporten redovisas även en monetär värdering och känslighetsanalys. Ramverket har också legat till grund för en diskussion avseende klimatrelaterade risker kopplade till elförsörjning.
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| 5. |
- Dahlberg, Anna-Karin, et al.
(författare)
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Dispersal of persistent organic pollutants from fiber-contaminated sediments : biotic and abiotic pathways
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Soils and Sediments. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1439-0108 .- 1614-7480. ; 21:4, s. 1852-1865
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- PurposeNumerous sites contaminated with fiber emissions from pulp and paper industries are found in coastal areas of the Baltic Sea, but there is limited knowledge about the magnitude of dispersal of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) from these anthropogenic, organic-rich sediments called fiberbanks. The aim of this study was to quantify and compare different POP dispersal pathways from such fiberbanks. Dispersal mechanisms studied included abiotic and biotic routes (dissolved in water, particle-bound, and bioaccumulation).Materials and methodsContaminated fibrous sediments located in Ångermanälven River estuary in north-eastern Sweden were studied in sediment types representing different fiber content (i.e., fiberbanks, fiber-rich sediments, and less fiber impacted sediments). Sediment-to-water fluxes of dissolved contaminants (polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)) were measured in situ using benthic flux chambers. Particle resuspension was measured by sampling bottom water, before and after disturbing the sediment surface. Benthic biota was collected to determine the body burden of contaminants and to determine biota-pore water accumulation factors (BAFPW) and biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs). In addition, concentrations of dissolved POPs in the water column were measured in field using passive samplers. Instrumental analysis was performed using gas chromatography coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (GC-MS/MS).Results and discussionThe flux of dissolved Σ20PCBs was approximately two times higher from one of the investigated fiberbanks (3.4 ng m− 2 day− 1) compared to the other. The average particle burden of PCBs was also higher at this fiberbank after artificial disturbance (15 ng g−1 particle), which indicates that larger amounts of contaminants are likely to disperse via particle resuspension from this site compared to the other fiberbank (4.8 ng g− 1 particle). The difference might be associated with a layer of recently settled minerogenic material that covers one of the fiberbanks, which probably functions as a protective barrier. The lack of benthic biota implies that contaminant release by bioturbation is negligible in the studied fiberbanks. However, benthic biota from fiber-rich sediment showed bioaccumulation and biomagnification of contaminants.ConclusionsThe importance of diffusive flux from fiberbanks under undisturbed conditions became apparent when the different dispersal pathways were quantified. However, no dispersal pathway could be judged as irrelevant, since even under undisturbed conditions, advective particle transport was significant. Additionally, the uptake by biota and trophic transfer can be considerable. Quantification of dispersal routes and understanding of the relative importance of various pathways is critical for proper risk assessment and management of contaminated sediments.
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| 6. |
- Göransson, Gunnel, et al.
(författare)
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A methodology for estimating risks associated with landslides of contaminated soil into rivers
- 2014
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Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 472, s. 481-495
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Urban areas adjacent to surface water are exposed to soil movements such as erosion and slope failures (landslides). A landslide is a potential mechanism for mobilisation and spreading of pollutants. This mechanism is in general not included in environmental risk assessments for contaminated sites, and the consequences associated with contamination in the soil are typically not considered in landslide risk assessments. This study suggests a methodology to estimate the environmental risks associated with landslides in contaminated sites adjacent to rivers. The methodology is probabilistic and allows for datasets with large uncertainties and the use of expert judgements, providing quantitative estimates of probabilities for defined failures. The approach is illustrated by a case study along the river Gota Alv, Sweden, where failures are defined and probabilities for those failures are estimated. Failures are defined from a pollution perspective and in terms of exceeding environmental quality standards (EQSs) and acceptable contaminant loads. Models are then suggested to estimate probabilities of these failures. A landslide analysis is carried out to assess landslide probabilities based on data from a recent landslide risk classification study along the river Gota Alv. The suggested methodology is meant to be a supplement to either landslide risk assessment (LRA) or environmental risk assessment (ERA), providing quantitative estimates of the risks associated with landslide in contaminated sites. The proposed methodology can also act as a basis for communication and discussion, thereby contributing to intersectoral management solutions. From the case study it was found that the defined failures are governed primarily by the probability of a landslide occurring. The overall probabilities for failure are low; however, if a landslide occurs the probabilities of exceeding EQS are high and the probability of having at least a 10% increase in the contamination load within one year is also high.
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| 7. |
- Göransson, Gunnel, et al.
(författare)
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Impact of climate change and natural hazard on the quality of surface waters
- 2012
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Ingår i: 4th Join Nordic Meeting on Remediation of Contaminated Sites, Sept. 18-21, Oslo.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Climate change increased rainfall and increased risk of rising groundwater levels in urban areas and its impact on the pollution of urban water has received little attention until now. As well has the impact from natural hazards on the distribution and spreading of pollutant received little attention. This short paper for the NORDROCS 2012 conference summarises the result from two projects that aims to highlight these issues.
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| 8. |
- Göransson, Gunnel
(författare)
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Landslide of contaminated soil into rivers: Environmental impacts and risks
- 2013
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Landslide risk assessments and environmental risk assessments are routinely carried out in many countries exposed to landslide hazards and/or contaminated soil hazards, but separately from each other. By combining results from different types of risk assessments and superimposing the results, possible multi-hazards may be revealed, which is not the case when the results are only displayed independently. Such a combined assessment was done for one part of the river Göta Älv in Sweden and it was found that several contaminated sites adjacent to the river were also exposed to a landslide risk. A qualitative description and a conceptualisation of the problem domain were then carried out to identify the system under study and the governing factors. The unique observation of a landslide-generated increase in turbidity from a minor landslide in Göta Älv allowed for the testing of analytical solutions to the advection-dispersion equation (ADE) for describing the transport of suspended sediment and associated contaminants from a landslide. Although analytical solutions simplifies a complex system, it facilitates quick estimation of suspended sediment and contaminant concentrations as well as the arrival time of the peak and the decrease in maximum concentration from the landslide location. Such solutions to ADE are simple enough so that a large number of scenarios can be evaluated and it provides quantitative outputs that may be easy to include in socio-economic models. Data from Göta Älv was further analysed with respect to turbidity to be able to distinguish landslide-generated suspended sediment peaks from other factors. The river flow is governed by the regulated outflow from a large lake and further controlled at several hydropower stations, making the response of the turbidity to river flow and precipitation slow and complex. A step-wise statistical analysis proved to be a good approach to analyse variation in turbidity with flow and precipitation in such a system. In addition, ship traffic causes short turbidity peaks due to wave-induced bed and bank erosion. A study was therefore conducted to analyse the impact from ship waves on turbidity. Ship-induced bed and bank erosion is also one of the triggering mechanisms behind landslides in the area. Finally, a methodology for risk estimation was developed and tested in the Göta Älv river valley. The approach is probabilistic and allows for the analysis of datasets with large uncertainties and the use of expert judgements, providing quantitative estimates of probabilities for defined failures. The approach was illustrated by a case study along Göta Älv, where failures were defined and probabilities for those failures were estimated. The approach provides a quantitative analysis of the risks associated with landslides in contaminated areas; thus, the methodology makes the problem of landslides in contaminated areas visible. It can also act as a basis for communication and discussions between stakeholders, thereby contributing to intersectoral management solutions. The approach is meant to be a complement to existing landslide risk assessment methodologies as well as to environmental risk assessment methodologies.
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| 9. |
- Göransson, Gunnel, et al.
(författare)
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Mass transport of contaminated soil released into surface water by landslides (Göta River, SW Sweden)
- 2012
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Ingår i: Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1607-7938. ; 16:7, s. 1879-1893
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Landslides of contaminated soil into surface water represent an overlooked exposure pathway that has not been addressed properly in existing risk analysis for landslide hazard, contaminated land, or river basin management. A landslide of contaminated soil into surface water implies an instantaneous exposure of the water to the soil, dramatically changing the prerequisites for the mobilisation and transport of pollutants. In this study, an analytical approach is taken to simulate the transport of suspended matter released in connection with landslides into rivers. Different analytical solutions to the advection-dispersion equation (ADE) were tested against the measured data from the shallow rotational, retrogressive landslide in clayey sediments that took place in 1993 on the Göta River, SW Sweden. The landslide encompassed three distinct events, namely an initial submerged slide, followed by a main slide, and a retrogressive slide. These slides generated three distinct and non-Gaussian peaks in the online turbidity recordings at the freshwater intake downstream the slide area. To our knowledge, this registration of the impact on a river of the sediment release from a landslide is one of few of its kind in the world and unique for Sweden. Considering the low frequency of such events, the data from this landslide are highly useful for evaluating how appropriate the ADE is to describe the effects of landslides into surface water. The results yielded realistic predictions of the measured variation in suspended particle matter (SPM) concentration, after proper calibration. For the three individual slides it was estimated that a total of about 0.6% of the total landslide mass went into suspension and was transported downstream. This release corresponds to about 1 to 2% of the annual suspended sediment transport for that river stretch. The studied landslide partly involved an industrial area, and by applying the analytical solution to estimate the transport of metals in the sediments, it was found that landslides may release a significant amount of pollutants if large contaminated areas are involved. However, further studies are needed to develop more detailed descriptions of the transport processes. There is also a need to increase the knowledge on possible environmental consequences in the near and far field, in a short- and long-time perspective. In summary, the release of pollutants should not be neglected in landslide risk assessments.
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| 10. |
- Göransson, Gunnel, et al.
(författare)
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Opportunities for planned retreat and flexible land use in Sweden : Local, regional and national governance perspectives
- 2023
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Ingår i: Climate Risk Management. - : Elsevier. - 2212-0963. ; 41
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- As the sea level rises and the frequency of intense rains increase, so does the need for climate adaptation. Planning for a successive development of society away from current and future flood prone areas to give room for water is not seen as an alternative in Sweden today, although it could be a strategy that creates long-term security. In this study, we investigated Swedish public authorities' perceptions of planned retreat and flexible land use. This was done through an online survey and interviews directed to officials directly involved in climate adaptation work, at municipalities, County Administration Boards (CABs), Regions, national authorities (NAs), and industry organizations (IOs). The responses were analyzed through the lens of a windows of opportunity approach. The study indicates that the extent to which climate scenarios are used and how far into the future the planning horizon extends in the practical work, varies between governance level which also have impact on the perspectives on planned retreat. The openness for planned retreat and flexible strategies seemed to differ slightly between governance levels in an ascending scale from regions, IOs / NAs, municipalities, to CABs. The survey has generated insights from a large number of respondents at different governance levels sharing their perceptions of retreat and adaptation in Sweden as a main contribution of this work.Difficulties to deal with uncertainties in climate scenarios and considering long-term perspectives were identified as some reasons that close the window for planned retreat. Enabling a flexible use of the land that will gradually become more exposed to flooding and sea level rise could be an intermediate step towards retreat. This would be a way to reframe a closed window of opportunity and begin the process of turning it into something transformative. It could be where the short- and long-term planning meet and a way to reframe our way of thinking about how we live and reside in dynamic waterfront areas, and perhaps lead to a more transformative, safe, and sustainable society for future generations.
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