| 1. |
- Akiba, K., et al.
(författare)
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LHC forward physics
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics. - : IOP Publishing. - 0954-3899 .- 1361-6471. ; 43:11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 2. |
- Wunderer, C. B., et al.
(författare)
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The PERCIVAL soft X-ray imager
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Instrumentation. - 1748-0221 .- 1748-0221. ; 9:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- With the increased brilliance of state-of-the-art Synchrotron radiation sources and the advent of Free Electron Lasers enabling revolutionary science with EUV to X-ray photons comes an urgent need for suitable photon imaging detectors. Requirements include high frame rates, very large dynamic range, single-photon counting capability with low probability of false positives, and (multi)-megapixels. PERCIVAL (''Pixelated Energy Resolving CMOS Imager, Versatile and Large'') is currently being developed by a collaboration of DESY, RAL, Elettra and DLS to address this need for the soft X-ray regime. PERCIVAL is a monolithic active pixel sensor (MAPS), i.e. based on CMOS technology. It will be back-thinned to access its primary energy range of 250 eV to 1 keV with target efficiencies above 90%. According to its preliminary specifications, the roughly 10 × 10 cm2, 3520 × 3710 pixel monolithic sensor will operate at frame rates up to 120 Hz (commensurate with most FELs) and use multiple gains within its 27 μm pixels to measure (e.g. at 500 eV) 1 to ∼ 105 simultaneously-arriving photons. Currently, small-scale front-illuminated prototype systems (160 × 210 pixels) are undergoing detailed testing with visible-light as well as X-ray photons. © 2014 IOP Publishing Ltd and Sissa Medialab srl.
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| 3. |
- Allahgholi, A., et al.
(författare)
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AGIPD, the electronics for a high speed X-ray imager at the Eu-XFEL
- 2014
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Ingår i: Proceedings of Science. - : Proceedings of Science (PoS).
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The AGIPD (Adaptive Gain Integrated Pixel Detector) X-ray imaging camera will be operated at the X-ray Free Electron Laser, Eu-XFEL, under construction in Hamburg, Germany. Key parameters are 1 million 200 μm square pixels, single 12.4 keV photon detection and a dynamic range to 10 000/pixel/image. The developed sensors, ASICs, PCB-electronics and FPGA firmware acquire individual images per bunch at 27 000 bunches/s, packed into 10 bunch-trains/s with a bunch separation of 222 ns. Bunch-trains are handled by 352 analogue storage cells within each pixel of the ASIC and written during the 0.6msec train delivery. Therefore AGIPD can store 3520 images/s from the delivered 27 000 bunches/s. Random addressing provides reusability of each cell after an image has been declared as low-quality, so that good images can be selected. Digitization is performed between trains (99.4 msec). In the paper all functional blocks are introduced. The details concentrate on the DAQ-chain PCB-electronics and the slow control. A dense area of 1024 ADC-channels, each with a pickup-noise filtering and sampling of up to 50 MS/s/ADC and a serial output of 700 Mbit/s/ADC. FPGAs operate the ASICs synchronized to the bunch structure and collect the bit streams from 64 ADCs/FPGA. Pre-sorted data is transmitted on 10 GbE links out of the camera head using the time between trains. The control and monitoring of the camera with 600 A current consumption is based on a micro-controller and I2C bus with an addressing architecture allowing many devices and identical modules. The high currents require planned return paths at the system level. First experimental experience with the constructed components will be presented.
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| 4. |
- Becker, J., et al.
(författare)
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High speed cameras for X-rays : AGIPD and others
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Instrumentation. - 1748-0221 .- 1748-0221. ; 8:1, s. Art. no. C01042-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Experiments at high pulse rate Free Electron Laser (FEL) facilities require new cameras capable of acquiring 2D images at high rates, handling large signal dynamic ranges and resolving images from individual pulses. The Adaptive Gain Integrated Pixel Detector (AGIPD) will operated with pulse rates and separations of 27000/s and 220 ns, respectively at European XFEL. Si-sensors, ASICs, PCBs, and FPGA logic are developed for a 1 Mega-pixel camera with 200 μm square pixels with per-pulse occupancies 104. Data from 3520 images/s will be transferred with 80 Gbits/s to a DAQ-system. The electronics have been adapted for use in other synchrotron light source detectors.
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| 5. |
- Becker, J., et al.
(författare)
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The high speed, high dynamic range camera AGIPD
- 2013
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Ingår i: IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record. - : IEEE conference proceedings. - 9781479905348 ; , s. Art. no. 6829504-
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The European X-Ray Free Electron Laser (XFEL) will provide ultra short, highly coherent X-ray pulses which will revolutionize scientific experiments in a variety of disciplines spanning physics, chemistry, materials science, and biology. One of the differences between the European XFEL and other free electron laser sources is the high pulse frequency of 4.5 MHz. The European XFEL will provide pulse trains, consisting of up to 2700 pulses separated by 220 ns (600 μs in total) followed by an idle time of 99.4 ms, resulting in a supercycle of 10 Hz. Dedicated fast 2D detectors are being developed, one of which is the Adaptive Gain Integrating Pixel Detector (AGIPD). AGIPD is based on the hybrid pixel technology. The design goals of the recently produced, radiation hard Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) with dynamic gain switching amplifiers are (for each pixel) a dynamic range of more than 10 4 12.4 keV photons in the lowest gain, single photon sensitivity in the highest gain, an analog memory capable of storing 352 images, and operation at 4.5 MHz frame rate. A vetoing scheme allows to maximize the number of useful images that are acquired by providing the possibility to overwrite any previously recorded image during the pulse train. The AGIPD will feature a pixel size of (200 μm)2 and a silicon sensor with a thickness of 500 μm. The image data is read out and digitized between pulse trains. © 2013 IEEE.
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| 6. |
- Correa, J., et al.
(författare)
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Characterisation of a PERCIVAL monolithic active pixel prototype using synchrotron radiation
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Instrumentation. - : IOP. - 1748-0221 .- 1748-0221. ; 11:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- PERCIVAL ("Pixelated Energy Resolving CMOS Imager, Versatile And Large") is a monolithic active pixel sensor (MAPS) based on CMOS technology. Is being developed by DESY, RAL/STFC, Elettra, DLS, and PAL to address the various requirements of detectors at synchrotron radiation sources and Free Electron Lasers (FELs) in the soft X-ray regime. These requirements include high frame rates and FELs base-rate compatibility, large dynamic range, single-photon counting capability with low probability of false positives, high quantum efficiency (QE), and (multi-)megapixel arrangements with good spatial resolution. Small-scale back-side-illuminated (BSI) prototype systems are undergoing detailed testing with X-rays and optical photons, in preparation of submission of a larger sensor. A first BSI processed prototype was tested in 2014 and a preliminary result—first detection of 350eV photons with some pixel types of PERCIVAL—reported at this meeting a year ago. Subsequent more detailed analysis revealed a very low QE and pointed to contamination as a possible cause. In the past year, BSI-processed chips on two more wafers were tested and their response to soft X-ray evaluated. We report here the improved charge collection efficiency (CCE) of different PERCIVAL pixel types for 400eV soft X-rays together with Airy patterns, response to a flat field, and noise performance for such a newly BSI-processed prototype sensor.
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| 7. |
- Correa, J., et al.
(författare)
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On the Charge Collection Efficiency of the PERCIVAL Detector
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Instrumentation. - : IOP. - 1748-0221 .- 1748-0221. ; 11:12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The PERCIVAL soft X-ray imager is being developed by DESY, RAL, Elettra, DLS, and PAL to address the challenges at high brilliance Light Sources such as new-generation Synchrotrons and Free Electron Lasers. Typical requirements for detector systems at these sources are high frame rates, large dynamic range, single-photon counting capability with low probability of false positives, high quantum efficiency, and (multi)-mega-pixel arrangements. PERCIVAL is a monolithic active pixel sensor, based on CMOS technology. It is designed for the soft X-ray regime and, therefore, it is post-processed in order to achieve high quantum efficiency in its primary energy range (250 eV to 1 keV) . This work will report on the latest experimental results on charge collection efficiency obtained for multiple back-side-illuminated test sensors during two campaigns, at the P04 beam-line at PETRA III, and the CiPo beam-line at Elettra, spanning most of the primary energy range as well as testing the performance for photon-energies below 250 eV . In addition, XPS surface analysis was used to cross-check the obtained results.
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| 8. |
- Khromova, A., et al.
(författare)
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Report on recent results of the PERCIVAL soft X-ray imager
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Instrumentation. - : IOP. - 1748-0221 .- 1748-0221. ; 11:November
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The PERCIVAL (Pixelated Energy Resolving CMOS Imager, Versatile And Large) soft X-ray 2D imaging detector is based on stitched, wafer-scale sensors possessing a thick epi-layer, which together with back-thinning and back-side illumination yields elevated quantum efficiency in the photon energy range of 125–1000 eV. Main application fields of PERCIVAL are foreseen in photon science with FELs and synchrotron radiation. This requires high dynamic range up to 105 ph @ 250 eV paired with single photon sensitivity with high confidence at moderate frame rates in the range of 10–120 Hz. These figures imply the availability of dynamic gain switching on a pixel-by-pixel basis and a highly parallel, low noise analog and digital readout, which has been realized in the PERCIVAL sensor layout. Different aspects of the detector performance have been assessed using prototype sensors with different pixel and ADC types. This work will report on the recent test results performed on the newest chip prototypes with the improved pixel and ADC architecture. For the target frame rates in the 10–120 Hz range an average noise floor of 14e− has been determined, indicating the ability of detecting single photons with energies above 250 eV. Owing to the successfully implemented adaptive 3-stage multiple-gain switching, the integrated charge level exceeds 4 centerdot 106 e− or 57000 X-ray photons at 250 eV per frame at 120 Hz. For all gains the noise level remains below the Poisson limit also in high-flux conditions. Additionally, a short overview over the updates on an oncoming 2 Mpixel (P2M) detector system (expected at the end of 2016) will be reported.
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| 9. |
- Trunk, Ulrich, et al.
(författare)
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AGIPD : A multi megapixel, multi megahertz X-ray camera for the European XFEL
- 2017
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Ingår i: Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering. - : SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering. - 9781510611009
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- AGIPD is a hybrid pixel detector developed by DESY, PSI, and the Universities of Bonn and Hamburg. It is targeted for use at the European XFEL, a source with unique properties: a train of up to 2700 pulses is repeated at 10 Hz rate. The pulses inside a train are ≤100fs long and separated by 220 ns, containing up to 1012 photons of 12.4 keV each. The readout ASICs with 64 x 64 pixels each have to cope with these properties: Single photon sensitivity and a dynamic range up to 104 photons/pixel in the same image as well as storage for as many as possible images of a pulse train for delayed readout, prior to the next train. The high impinging photon flux also requires a very radiation hard design of sensor and ASIC, which uses 130 nm CMOS technology and radiation tolerant techniques. The signal path inside a pixel of the ASIC consists of a charge sensitive preamplifier with 3 individual gains, adaptively selected by a subsequent discriminator. The preamp also feeds to a correlated double sampling stage, which writes to an analogue memory to record 352 frames. It is random-access, so it can be used most efficiently by overwriting bad or empty images. Encoded gain information is stored to a similar memory. Readout of these memories is via a common charge sensitive amplifier in each pixel, and multiplexers on four differential ports. Operation of the ASIC is controlled via a command interface, using 3 LVDS lines. It also serves to configure the chip's operational parameters and timings.
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| 10. |
- Wunderer, C. B., et al.
(författare)
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The PERCIVAL soft X-ray imager
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Instrumentation. - 1748-0221 .- 1748-0221. ; 10:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- With the increased brilliance of state-of-the-art Synchrotron radiation sources and the advent of Free Electron Lasers enabling revolutionary science on atomic length and time scales with EUV to X-ray photons comes an urgent need for suitable photon imaging detectors. Requirements include high frame rates, very large dynamic range, single-photon counting capability with low probability of false positives, and (multi)-megapixels. PERCIVAL ("Pixelated Energy Resolving CMOS Imager, Versatile And Large") is currently being developed by a collaboration of DESY, RAL, Elettra, DLS and Pohang to address this need for the soft X-ray regime. PERCIVAL is a monolithic active pixel sensor (MAPS), i.e. based on CMOS technology. It will be back-thinned to access its primary energy range of 250 eV to 1 keV with target efficiencies above 90%. According to its preliminary specifications, the roughly 10 × 10 cm2, 3.5k × 3.7k monolithic "PERCIVAL13M" sensor will operate at frame rates up to 120 Hz (commensurate with most FELs) and use multiple gains within its 27 μm pixels to measure 1 to ∼ 105 (500 eV) simultaneously-arriving photons. A smaller "PERCIVAL2M" with ∼ 1.4k × 1.5k pixels is also planned. Currently, small-scale back-illuminated prototype systems (160 × 210 pixels of 25 μm pitch) are undergoing detailed testing with X-rays and optical photons. In March 2014, a prototype sensor was tested at 350 eV-2 keV at Elettra's TwinMic beamline. The data recorded include diffraction patterns at 350 eV and 400 eV, knife edge and sub-pixel pinhole illuminations, and comparisons of different pixel types. Another prototype chip will be submitted in fall 2014, first larger sensors could be in hand in late 2015.
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