| 1. |
- Armengaud, E., et al.
(författare)
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Physics potential of the International Axion Observatory (IAXO)
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics. - : IOP Publishing. - 1475-7516. ; :6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We review the physics potential of a next generation search for solar axions: the International Axion Observatory (IAXO). Endowed with a sensitivity to discover axion-like particles (ALPs) with a coupling to photons as small as g(a gamma) similar to 10(-12) GeV-1, or to electrons g(ae) similar to 10(-13), IAXO has the potential to find the QCD axion in the 1 meV similar to 1 eV mass range where it solves the strong CP problem, can account for the cold dark matter of the Universe and be responsible for the anomalous cooling observed in a number of stellar systems. At the same time, IAXO will have enough sensitivity to detect lower mass axions invoked to explain: 1) the origin of the anomalous transparency of the Universe to gamma-rays, 2) the observed soft X-ray excess from galaxy clusters or 3) some inflationary models. In addition, we review string theory axions with parameters accessible by IAXO and discuss their potential role in cosmology as Dark Matter and Dark Radiation as well as their connections to the above mentioned conundrums.
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| 2. |
- Chang, A. Y., et al.
(författare)
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Past, present, and future of global health financing : A review of development assistance, government, out-of-pocket, and other private spending on health for 195 countries, 1995-2050
- 2019
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Ingår i: The Lancet. - : Lancet Publishing Group. - 0140-6736 .- 1474-547X. ; 393:10187, s. 2233-2260
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Comprehensive and comparable estimates of health spending in each country are a key input for health policy and planning, and are necessary to support the achievement of national and international health goals. Previous studies have tracked past and projected future health spending until 2040 and shown that, with economic development, countries tend to spend more on health per capita, with a decreasing share of spending from development assistance and out-of-pocket sources. We aimed to characterise the past, present, and predicted future of global health spending, with an emphasis on equity in spending across countries. Methods: We estimated domestic health spending for 195 countries and territories from 1995 to 2016, split into three categories-government, out-of-pocket, and prepaid private health spending-and estimated development assistance for health (DAH) from 1990 to 2018. We estimated future scenarios of health spending using an ensemble of linear mixed-effects models with time series specifications to project domestic health spending from 2017 through 2050 and DAH from 2019 through 2050. Data were extracted from a broad set of sources tracking health spending and revenue, and were standardised and converted to inflation-adjusted 2018 US dollars. Incomplete or low-quality data were modelled and uncertainty was estimated, leading to a complete data series of total, government, prepaid private, and out-of-pocket health spending, and DAH. Estimates are reported in 2018 US dollars, 2018 purchasing-power parity-adjusted dollars, and as a percentage of gross domestic product. We used demographic decomposition methods to assess a set of factors associated with changes in government health spending between 1995 and 2016 and to examine evidence to support the theory of the health financing transition. We projected two alternative future scenarios based on higher government health spending to assess the potential ability of governments to generate more resources for health. Findings: Between 1995 and 2016, health spending grew at a rate of 4.00% (95% uncertainty interval 3.89-4.12) annually, although it grew slower in per capita terms (2.72% [2.61-2.84]) and increased by less than $1 per capita over this period in 22 of 195 countries. The highest annual growth rates in per capita health spending were observed in upper-middle-income countries (5.55% [5.18-5.95]), mainly due to growth in government health spending, and in lower-middle-income countries (3.71% [3.10-4.34]), mainly from DAH. Health spending globally reached $8.0 trillion (7.8-8.1) in 2016 (comprising 8.6% [8.4-8.7] of the global economy and $10.3 trillion [10.1-10.6] in purchasing-power parity-adjusted dollars), with a per capita spending of US$5252 (5184-5319) in high-income countries, $491 (461-524) in upper-middle-income countries, $81 (74-89) in lower-middle-income countries, and $40 (38-43) in low-income countries. In 2016, 0.4% (0.3-0.4) of health spending globally was in low-income countries, despite these countries comprising 10.0% of the global population. In 2018, the largest proportion of DAH targeted HIV/AIDS ($9.5 billion, 24.3% of total DAH), although spending on other infectious diseases (excluding tuberculosis and malaria) grew fastest from 2010 to 2018 (6.27% per year). The leading sources of DAH were the USA and private philanthropy (excluding corporate donations and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation). For the first time, we included estimates of China’s contribution to DAH ($644.7 million in 2018). Globally, health spending is projected to increase to $15.0 trillion (14.0-16.0) by 2050 (reaching 9.4% [7.6-11.3] of the global economy and $21.3 trillion [19.8-23.1] in purchasing-power parity-adjusted dollars), but at a lower growth rate of 1.84% (1.68-2.02) annually, and with continuing disparities in spending between countries. In 2050, we estimate that 0.6% (0.6-0.7) of health spending will occur in currently low-income countries, despite these countries comprising an estimated 15.7% of the global population by 2050. The ratio between per capita health spending in high-income and low-income countries was 130.2 (122.9-136.9) in 2016 and is projected to remain at similar levels in 2050 (125.9 [113.7-138.1]). The decomposition analysis identified governments’ increased prioritisation of the health sector and economic development as the strongest factors associated with increases in government health spending globally. Future government health spending scenarios suggest that, with greater prioritisation of the health sector and increased government spending, health spending per capita could more than double, with greater impacts in countries that currently have the lowest levels of government health spending. Interpretation: Financing for global health has increased steadily over the past two decades and is projected to continue increasing in the future, although at a slower pace of growth and with persistent disparities in per-capita health spending between countries. Out-of-pocket spending is projected to remain substantial outside of high-income countries. Many low-income countries are expected to remain dependent on development assistance, although with greater government spending, larger investments in health are feasible. In the absence of sustained new investments in health, increasing efficiency in health spending is essential to meet global health targets. © 2019 The Author(s).
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| 3. |
- Eklund, Patrik, 1958-, et al.
(författare)
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A categorical approach to unication of generalised terms
- 2002
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Ingår i: Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science. - : Elsevier. - 1571-0661. ; 66:5, s. 41-45
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Unification of generalised terms in a many-valued setting involves considerations for equalities in the sense of similarity degrees between operators and thus similarities between terms. Further, allowing for substitutions of variables with powersets of terms requires ‘flattening’ operators for handling composition of variable substitutions. These techniques are available when using powerset functors composed with the term functor so that this composition of functors is extendable to a monad. In this paper we provide a framework for unification of such generalised terms.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Eklund, Patrik, 1958-, et al.
(författare)
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A framework for unication using powersets of terms
- 2002
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Ingår i: Proc. 9th Information Processing and Management of Uncertainty in Knowledge Based Systems Conference (IPMU 2002). ; , s. 1095-1098
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
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| 6. |
- Eklund, Patrik, 1958-, et al.
(författare)
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A graphical approach to monad composition
- 2001
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Ingår i: Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science. - 1571-0661. ; 40, s. 145-160
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper we show how composite expressions involving natural transformations can be pictorially represented in order to provide graphical proof support for providing monad compositions. Examples are drawn using powerset monads composed with the term monad.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Eklund, Patrik, et al.
(författare)
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Categorical innovations for rough sets
- 2009
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Ingår i: Rough set theory. - Berlin/Heidelberg : Springer Berlin/Heidelberg. - 9783540899204 - 9783540899211 ; , s. 45-69
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Categories arise in mathematics and appear frequently in computer science where algebraic and logical notions have powerful representations using categorical constructions. In this chapter we lean towards the functorial view involving natural transformations and monads. Functors extendable to monads, further incorporating order structure related to the underlying functor, turn out to be very useful when presenting rough sets beyond relational structures in the usual sense. Relations can be generalized with rough set operators largely maintaining power and properties. In this chapter we set forward our required categorical tools and we show how rough sets and indeed a theory of rough monads can be developed. These rough monads reveal some canonic structures, and are further shown to be useful in real applications as well. Information within pharmacological treatment can be structured by rough set approaches. In particular, situations involving management of drug interactions and medical diagnosis can be described and formalized using rough monads.
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| 9. |
- Eklund, Patrik, 1958-, et al.
(författare)
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Composing submonads
- 2001
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Ingår i: 31st IEEE International Symposium on Multiple-Valued Logic, 2001. Proceedings.. - Warsaw, Poland : IEEE Computer Society. - 0769510833 ; , s. 367-372
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper we use the concept of subfunctors and submonads in order to provide a technique for constructing new monads from given ones. We study some properties of these constructions and provide more examples on monad compositions
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| 10. |
- Eklund, Patrik, 1958-, et al.
(författare)
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On fuzzy successors
- 2008
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
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