| 1. |
- Afshar, Reza, et al.
(författare)
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A full-scale finite-element model of the Vasa ship
- 2017
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Ingår i: Proceedings of ECCOMAS Thematic Conference CompWood 2017.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A full-scale model of the 17th century Vasa shipwreck has been developed to assess its current and future structural stability as well as design an improved support structure. A wireframe model, consisting of only lines, points and curves to describe the geometry of the ship, has been provided by the Vasa museum. It has been developed based on geodetic measurements using a total station. From this wireframe model, a three-dimensional (3D) model comprising solid bodies for solid-like parts (i.e. hull and keel), surfaces for the shell-like components (deck planks) and lines for beam-like constituents (deck beams) has been developed in Creo Parametric 3D software. This geometric model has been imported in finite-element software, Ansys, for further development of the stiffeners (knees, riders, stanchions, masts, etc.), adjustment of the correct location of deck beams and, finally, structural analyses of the entire ship (Figure 1). The procedure for selection of the different types of elements in the finite-element (FE) model, the definition of orthotropic material properties for the timber structure and preliminary results are discussed in this paper. Experiences drawn from this engineering project may also be useful in development of finite element models for structural assessment of other complex wooden structures in cultural heritage.
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| 2. |
- Afshar, Reza, et al.
(författare)
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Characterization of mechanical properties of Vasa oak and their application in a full-scale numerical model for support assessment
- 2019
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The 17th century Vasa shipwreck is a well-known object of cultural heritage. According to geodetic measurements inside and outside of the ship as well as on the support structure, the ship is sinking onto its cradle. The analysis of measurements showed the ship undergoes continued deformation with increasing strain. Previous research projects on the Vasa ship have largely been focused on the chemical degradation of the Vasa oak, which concerns the waterlogged polyethylene glycol (PEG) impregnated oak wood. The main goal was to provide understanding of the degradation mechanisms and possible remedies to mitigate the chemical decay. In this paper, a review is presented of previous research in term of characterization of mechanical properties, and effects of PEG and moisture on the mechanical behaviour of the Vasa oak. In addition, a full-scale finite-element model of the Vasa ship has been developed to assess its current and future structural behaviour, as well as a tool to design an improved support structure. The mechanical properties, defined in the model in terms of orthotropic elastic engineering constants, have been determined in previous work. Moreover, creep properties of the archaeological wood material have been and are being characterized, so that the model can be extended by extrapolation to predict future deformation. Geodetic measurements have been used for validation of the static model. The approach undertaken in this project could hopefully be useful in design strategies of improved support for other aging and deforming wood structures in cultural heritage.
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| 3. |
- Afshar, R, et al.
(författare)
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Comparison of experimental testing and finite element modelling of a replica of a section of the Vasa warship to identify the behaviour of structural joints
- 2017
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Ingår i: Engineering structures. - : ELSEVIER SCI LTD. - 0141-0296 .- 1873-7323. ; 147, s. 62-76
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Modelling in design of new support systems necessitates the joint stiffness of the existing wooden structures. In valuable structures, e.g. in cultural heritage, or structures with inaccessible joints, these stiffness values must be estimated, e.g. by testing joints in tailored replicas of the original parts. Although a simplified structure, the replica, can call for finite element (FE) modelling to capture the stiffness parameters. The first step in such a process is to compare FE predictions with experimental tests, for validation purposes. The reasons for unavoidable differences in load-displacement behaviour between model predictions and experimental test should be identified, and then possibly remedied by an improved model. Underlying causes like the complex shape of joints, geometrical uncertainties, contact mechanisms and material nonlinearity are generally too computationally expensive to be included in a full-scale model. It is therefore convenient to collect such effects in the contact penalty stiffness in the joint contact areas where stresses are high, which influences the resulting joint stiffness. A procedure for this is here illustrated for the case of the 17th century Vasa shipwreck A replica of a section of the ship has been constructed, and its joints were tested in bending-compression, in-plane shear and rotation. The FE simulations showed stiffer behaviour than the experimental results. Therefore, a normal penalty stiffness in contact surfaces of the joint were introduced, and used as a calibration parameter to account for the simplifying assumptions or indeliberate imprecision in the model, e.g. concerning boundary conditions, material properties and geometrical detail. The difference between numerical predictions and experimental results could then be significantly reduced, with a suitable normal penalty stiffness value. Once an acceptable finite element model has been obtained, it is shown how this can be used to identify stiffness values for joints in the physical structure with compensation for degradation of material properties due to aging and conservation treatment.
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| 4. |
- Afshar, Reza, et al.
(författare)
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Creep in oak material from the Vasa ship: : verification of linear viscoelasticity and identification of stress thresholds
- 2020
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Ingår i: European Journal of Wood and Wood Products. - : Springer Nature. - 0018-3768 .- 1436-736X. ; 78:6, s. 1095-1103
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Creep deformation is a general problem for large wooden structures, and in particular for shipwrecks in museums. In this study, experimental creep data on the wooden cubic samples from the Vasa ship have been analysed to confrm the linearity of the viscoelastic response in the directions where creep was detectable (T and R directions). Isochronous stress–strain curves were derived for relevant uniaxial compressive stresses within reasonable time spans. These curves and the associated creep compliance values justify that it is reasonable to assume a linear viscoelastic behaviour within the tested ranges, given the high degree of general variability. Furthermore, the creep curves were ftted with a one-dimensional standard linear solid model, and although the rheological parameters show a fair amount of scatter, they are candidates as input parameters in a numerical model to predict creep deformations. The isochronous stress–strain relationships were used to defne a creep threshold stress below which only negligible creep is expected. These thresholds ranges were 0.3–0.5 MPa in the R direction and 0.05–0.2 MPa in the T direction.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Agde Tjernlund, Jessica, et al.
(författare)
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Influence of molecular weight on strain-gradient yielding in polystyrene
- 2004
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Ingår i: Polymer Engineering and Science. - : Wiley. - 0032-3888 .- 1548-2634. ; 44:10, s. 1987-1997
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Experimental observations have indicated that the presence of strain gradients has an influence on the inelastic behavior of polymers as well as in other materials such as ceramics and metals. The present study has experimentally quantified length-scale effects in inelastic deformations of the polymer material polystyrene (PS) with respect to the molecular length. The experimental technique that has been used is nano-indentation to various depths with a Berkovich indenter. The hardness has been calculated with the method by Oliver and Pharr, and also by direct measurements of the area from atomic force microscopy. The experiments showed that the length-scale effects in inelastic deformations exist in polystyrene at ambient conditions. The direct method gave a smaller hardness than the Oliver-Pharr method. It was also shown that the length-scale parameter according to Nix and Gao increases with increasing molecular weight. For high molecular weights above a critical value of entanglement, there was no pertinent increase in the length-scale parameter. The length-scale parameter for strain-gradient plasticity has a size of around 0.1 μm for polystyrene.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Agde Tjernlund, Jessica, et al.
(författare)
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Length-scale effects on damage development in tensile loading of glass-sphere filled epoxy
- 2006
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Ingår i: International Journal of Solids and Structures. - : Elsevier BV. - 0020-7683 .- 1879-2146. ; 43:24, s. 7337-7357
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Particle-reinforced polymers are widely used in load-carrying applications. The effect of particle size on damage development in the polymer is still relatively unexplored. In this study, the effect of glass-sphere size on the damage development in tensile loaded epoxy has been investigated. The diameter of the glass spheres ranged from approximately 0.5-50 mu m. The first type of damage observed was debonding at the sphere poles, which subsequently grew along the interface between the glass spheres and epoxy matrix. These cracks were observed to kink out into the matrix in the radial direction perpendicular to the applied load. The debonding stresses increased with decreasing sphere diameter, whereas the length to diameter ratio of the resulting matrix cracks increased with increasing sphere diameter. These effects could not be explained by elastic stress analysis and linear-elastic fracture mechanics. Possible explanations are that a thin interphase shell may form in the epoxy close to the glass spheres, and that there is a length-scale effect in the yield process which depends on the strain gradients. Cohesive fracture processes can contribute to the influence of sphere size on matrix-crack length. Better knowledge on these underlying size-dependent mechanisms that control damage development in polymers and polymer composites is useful in development of stronger materials. From a methodology point of view, the glass-sphere composite test can be used as an alternative technique (although still in a qualitative way) to hardness vs. indentation depth to quantify length-scale effects in inelastic deformation of polymers.
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| 9. |
- Almgren, Karin M., et al.
(författare)
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Characterization of interfacial stress transfer ability by dynamic mechanical analysis of cellulose fiber based composite materials
- 2010
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Ingår i: Composite interfaces (Print). - 0927-6440 .- 1568-5543. ; 17:9, s. 845-861
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The stress transfer ability at the fiber-matrix interface of wood fiber composites is known to affect the mechanical properties of the composite. The evaluation of interface properties at the level of individual fibers is however difficult due to the small dimensions and variability of the fibers. The dynamical mechanical properties of composite and constituents, in this case wood fibers and polylactide matrix, was here used together with micromechanical modeling to quantify the stress transfer efficiency at the fiber-matrix interface. To illustrate the methodology, a parameter quantifying the degree of imperfection at the interface was identified by inverse modeling using a micromechanical viscoelastic general self-consistent model with an imperfect interface together with laminate analogy on the composite level. The effect of moisture was assessed by comparison with experimental data from dynamic mechanical analysis in dry and moist state. For the wood fiber reinforced polylactide, the model shows that moisture absorption led to softening and mechanical dissipation in the hydrophilic wood fibers and biothermoplastic matrix, rather than loss of interfacial stress transfer ability.
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| 10. |
- Almgren, Karin M., et al.
(författare)
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Contribution of wood fiber hygroexpansion to moisture induced thickness swelling of composite plates
- 2010
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Ingår i: Polymer Composites. - : Wiley. - 0272-8397 .- 1548-0569. ; 31:5, s. 762-771
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- One of the main drawbacks of wood fiber-based composite materials is their propensity to swell due to moisture uptake. Because the wood fibers are usually the main contributor to hygroexpansion, it is of interest to quantify the hygroexpansion coefficient of wood fibers, to compare and rank different types of fibers. This investigation outlines an inverse method to estimate the transverse hygroexpansion coefficient of wood fibers based on measurements of moisture induced thickness swelling of composite plates. The model is based on composite micromechanics and laminate theory. Thickness swelling has been measured on polylactide matrix composites with either bleached reference fibers or crosslinked fibers. The crosslinking modification reduced the transverse hygroexpansion of the composites and the transverse coefficient of hygroexpansion of the fibers was reduced from 0.28 strain per relative humidity for reference fibers to 0.12 for cross-linked fibers
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