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- Sisodia, Sanjay M., et al.
(author)
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High-resolution computed tomography in resin infused woven carbon fibre composites with voids
- 2016
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In: Composites Science And Technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0266-3538 .- 1879-1050. ; 131, s. 12-21
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Tomographic imaging using both microfocus radiation and synchrotron radiation was performed to assess the void defects in resin transfer moulded woven carbon fibre composites. The focus of this study is on characterising the void homology (e.g. local void size and spatial distribution) in relation to weave orientation, infusion direction and potential effects on damage formation in tensile loading. As the orientation angle between the fibre direction of unidirectional layer in the laminate and the direction of the global resin flow increases, from parallel to perpendicular, larger voids and a greater volume fraction of voids were observed, which led to increased damage formation upon loading. Significant accumulation of voids around both the layer interfaces and yarn fibres were also observed. With regard to yarn design, it is recommended to balance the benefits (e.g. fabric handling, structural integrity of preform) and drawbacks (e.g. lower fibre content, more voids) of the supporting yarn. Also, sensible placement of resin inlets and outlets could reduce the amount of deleterious voids, i.e. by promoting resin flow along the fibre direction in the most defect-sensitive off-axis layers.
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| 4. |
- Sisodia, Sanjay, et al.
(author)
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The effects of voids in quasi-static indentation of resin-infused reinforced polymers
- 2019
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In: Journal of composite materials. - : SAGE Publications. - 0021-9983 .- 1530-793X. ; 53:28-30, s. 4399-4410
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The focus of this study is the influence of voids on the damage behaviour in quasi-static loading of resin-infused carbon fibre-reinforced polymers. Experimental results are presented for quasi-static loading in combination with high-resolution tomographic imaging and statistical analysis (homology of pores or voids and induced cracks). Three distinct mechanisms were observed to control delamination growth in the presence of sharp and blunt voids. Delamination cracks interact with the supporting yarns, especially in combination with air pockets trapped in the resin in the form of long, sharp voids. This resulted in crack growth that coalesces with delamination cracks from neighbouring yarn-voids during increased out-of-plane load-displacement, with almost no presence of intralaminar transverse cracks. This highlights the benefits and drawbacks of the supporting yarn during out-of-plane loading.
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- Almgren, Karin M., et al.
(author)
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Characterization of interfacial stress transfer ability by dynamic mechanical analysis of cellulose fiber based composite materials
- 2010
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In: Composite interfaces (Print). - 0927-6440 .- 1568-5543. ; 17:9, s. 845-861
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The stress transfer ability at the fiber-matrix interface of wood fiber composites is known to affect the mechanical properties of the composite. The evaluation of interface properties at the level of individual fibers is however difficult due to the small dimensions and variability of the fibers. The dynamical mechanical properties of composite and constituents, in this case wood fibers and polylactide matrix, was here used together with micromechanical modeling to quantify the stress transfer efficiency at the fiber-matrix interface. To illustrate the methodology, a parameter quantifying the degree of imperfection at the interface was identified by inverse modeling using a micromechanical viscoelastic general self-consistent model with an imperfect interface together with laminate analogy on the composite level. The effect of moisture was assessed by comparison with experimental data from dynamic mechanical analysis in dry and moist state. For the wood fiber reinforced polylactide, the model shows that moisture absorption led to softening and mechanical dissipation in the hydrophilic wood fibers and biothermoplastic matrix, rather than loss of interfacial stress transfer ability.
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- Almgren, Karin M., et al.
(author)
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Contribution of wood fiber hygroexpansion to moisture induced thickness swelling of composite plates
- 2010
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In: Polymer Composites. - : Wiley. - 0272-8397 .- 1548-0569. ; 31:5, s. 762-771
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- One of the main drawbacks of wood fiber-based composite materials is their propensity to swell due to moisture uptake. Because the wood fibers are usually the main contributor to hygroexpansion, it is of interest to quantify the hygroexpansion coefficient of wood fibers, to compare and rank different types of fibers. This investigation outlines an inverse method to estimate the transverse hygroexpansion coefficient of wood fibers based on measurements of moisture induced thickness swelling of composite plates. The model is based on composite micromechanics and laminate theory. Thickness swelling has been measured on polylactide matrix composites with either bleached reference fibers or crosslinked fibers. The crosslinking modification reduced the transverse hygroexpansion of the composites and the transverse coefficient of hygroexpansion of the fibers was reduced from 0.28 strain per relative humidity for reference fibers to 0.12 for cross-linked fibers
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| 7. |
- Almgren, Karin M., et al.
(author)
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Effects of Moisture on Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Wood Fiber Composites Studied by Dynamic FT-IR Spectroscopy
- 2008
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In: Journal of reinforced plastics and composites (Print). - : SAGE Publications. - 0731-6844 .- 1530-7964. ; 27:16-17, s. 1709-1721
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Wood fiber reinforced polylactide is a biodegradable composite where both fibers and matrix are from renewable resources. In the development of such new materials, information on mechanical behavior on the macroscopic and the molecular level is useful. In this study, dynamic Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy is used to measure losses at the molecular level during cyclic tensile loading for bonds that are characteristic of the cellulosic fibers and the polylactid matrix. This molecular behavior is compared with measured macroscopic hysteresis losses for different moisture levels. The results show that moisture ingress will transfer the load from the fibers to the matrix, and that a more efficient fiber-matrix interface would diminish mechanical losses. Although the dynamic FT-IR spectroscopy method is still qualitative, this investigation shows that it can provide information on the stress transfer of the constituents in wood fiber reinforced plastics.
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| 8. |
- Almgren, Karin M., et al.
(author)
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Moisture uptake and hygroexpansion of wood fiber composite materials with polylactide and polypropylene matrix materials
- 2009
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In: Polymer Composites. - : Wiley. - 0272-8397 .- 1548-0569. ; 30:12, s. 1809-1816
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Effects of butantetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) modification, choice of matrix, and fiber volume fraction on hygroexpansion of wood fiber composites have been investigated. Untreated reference wood fibers and BTCA-modified fibers were used as reinforcement in composites with matrices composed of polylactic acid (PLA), polypropylene (PP), or a mixture thereof. The crosslinking BTCA modification reduced the out-of-plane hygroexpansion of PLA and PLA/PP composites, under water-immersed and humid conditions, whereas the swelling increased when PP was used as matrix material. This is explained by difficulties for the BTCA-modified fibers to adhere to the PP matrix. Fiber volume fraction was the most important parameter as regards out-of-plane hygroexpansion, with a high-fiber fraction leading to large hygroexpansion. Fiber-matrix wettability during processing and consolidation also showed to have a large impact on the dimensional stability and moisture uptake. POLYM. COMPOS., 30:1809-1816, 2009.
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| 9. |
- Almgren, Karin M., 1980-
(author)
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Wood-fibre composites : Stress transfer and hygroexpansion
- 2010
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Wood fibres is a type of natural fibres suitable for composite applications. The abundance of wood in Swedish forests makes wood-fibre composites a new and interesting application for the Swedish pulp and paper industry. For large scale production of composites reinforced by wood fibres to be realized, the mechanical properties of the materials have to be optimized. Furthermore, the negative effects of moisture, such as softening, creep and degradation, have to be limited. A better understanding of how design parameters such as choice of fibres and matrix material, fibre modifications and fibre orientation distribution affect the properties of the resulting composite material would help the development of wood-fibre composites. In this thesis, focus has been on the fibre-matrix interface, wood-fibre hygroexpansion and resulting mechanical properties of the composite. The importance of an efficient fibre-matrix interface for composite properties is well known, but the determination of interface properties in wood-fibre composites is difficult due to the miniscule dimensions of the fibres. This is a problem also when hygroexpansion of wood fibres is investigated. Instead of tedious single-fibre tests, more straightforward, macroscopic approaches are suggested. Halpin-Tsai’s micromechanical models and laminate analogy were used to attain efficient interface characteristics of a wood-fibre composite. When Halpin-Tsai’s model was replaced by Hashin’s concentric cylinder assembly model, a value of an interface parameter could be derived from dynamic mechanical analysis. A micromechanical model developed by Hashin was used also to identify the coefficient of hygroexpansion of wood fibres. Measurements of thickness swelling of wood-fibre composites were performed. Back-calculation through laminate analogy and the micromechanical model made it possible to estimate the wood-fibre coefficient of hygroexpansion. Through these back-calculation procedures, information of fibre and interface properties can be gained for ranking of e.g. fibre types and modifications. Dynamic FT-IR (Fourier Transform Infrared) spectroscopy was investigated as a tool for interface characterization at the molecular level. The effects of relative humidity in the test chamber on the IR spectra were studied. The elastic response of the matrix material increased relative to the motion of the reinforcing cellulose backbone. This could be understood as a stress transfer from fibres to matrix when moisture was introduced to the system, e.g. as a consequence of reduced interface efficiency in the moist environment. The method is still qualitative and further development is potentially very useful to measure stress redistribution on the molecular level.
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| 10. |
- Bogren, Karin M., et al.
(author)
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Dynamic-mechanical properties of wood-fibre reinforced polyactide : experimental characterization and micro-mechanical modelling
- 2006
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In: Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials. - : SAGE Publications. - 0892-7057 .- 1530-7980. ; 19:6, s. 613-638
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Wood-fiber reinforced polylactide is a biodegradable compositewhere both fibers and matrix are from renewableresources. When designing new materials of this kind, itis useful to measure the influence of fiber–matrixinterface properties on macroscopic mechanicalproperties. In particular, a quantitative measure of thedynamic stress transfer between the fibers andthe matrix when the material is subjected tocyclic loading would simplify the development of wood-fibercomposites. This is obtained by comparing themechanical dissipation of the composite with avalue predicted by a viscoelastic micromechanical model basedon perfect interfacial stress transfer. Theloss factors predicted by the model are 0.12 and 0.16 at dryand humid conditions, respectively, which amountto 63 and 66% of the experimentally determinedvalues. For Young's moduli the predicted values are 1.01 and0.88 GPa, which correspond to 92% of the experimentallydetermined values. The mismatch between thepredicted and experimental values may be attributed toimperfect interfaces with restrained stress transfer.Loss factors are also determined for specificmolecular bonds using dynamic Fourier transform infrared(FT-IR) spectroscopy. These values show the sametrends with regard to moisture content as themacroscopically determined loss factors.
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