| 1. |
- Andersson, Helen, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of PCB126 and 17 beta-oestradiol on endothelium-derived vasoactive factors in human endothelial cells
- 2011
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Ingår i: Toxicology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0300-483X .- 1879-3185. ; 285:1-2, s. 46-56
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Epidemiological and experimental studies suggest an association between elevated serum levels of co-planar PCBs and hypertension, and one study indicate that this effect is dependent on the level of oestrogen. This study investigated the effects of 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB126) and 17 beta-oestradiol (E-2) on vasoactive factors in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). The results reveal that PCB126 stimulated the vasoconstriction factors COX-2 and PGF(2 alpha), in HUVEC. An up-regulation of COX-2 expression was demonstrated using qRT-PCR, western blot and immunofluorescence and increased production of PGF(2 alpha), was demonstrated using LC/MS2 and enzyme immunoassay. Also. PCB126 slightly increased ROS production and decreased NO production in HUVEC. The addition of E2 enhanced PCB126-induced transcription of CYP1A1, CYP1B1 and COX-2 in HUVEC whereas an increased transcription of eNOS only occurred following combined treatment with E-2 and PCB126. Immunofluorescence demonstrated that HUVEC expressed AHR and ER beta but lacked ER alpha and the involvement of AHR and ER beta on the effects of PCB126 was examined by the addition of AHR and ER antagonists. The binding of PCB126 to AHR was critical for the effects of PCB126 whereas the role of ER beta was equivocal. In conclusion, these studies suggest that PCB126 induced changes in human endothelial cells that are characteristic for endothelial dysfunction in human hypertension and that PCB126-induced transcription of genes important for vascular function in human endothelial cells can be elevated by increased oestrogen levels. These findings may help understanding the mechanism for the association between PCB126 exposure and hypertension reported in human subjects and experimental animals.
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| 2. |
- Garscha, Ulrike, 1979-
(författare)
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Catalytic and Structural Properties of Heme-containing Fatty Acid Dioxygenases : Similarities of Fungal Dioxygenases and Cyclooxygenases
- 2009
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- 7,8-Linoleate diol synthase (7,8-LDS) of the take-all pathogen of wheat, Gaeumannomyces graminis, converts linoleic acid to 8R-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid (8-HPODE) by 8-dioxygenase activity (8-DOX), and further isomerizes the hydroperoxide to 7S,8S-dihydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (7,8-DiHODE) by hydroperoxide isomerase activity. Sequence alignment showed homology to prostaglandin H synthase (PGHS), and both enzymes share structural and catalytic properties. The 8-DOX of 7,8-LDS was successfully expressed in Pichia pastoris and in insect cells (Sf21). Site-directed mutagenesis confirmed His379 as the proximal heme ligand and Tyr376 as a residue, which forms a tyrosyl radical and initiates catalysis. Furthermore, mutagenesis suggested His203 could be the proposed distal histidine, and Tyr329 of catalytic relevance for substrate positioning at the active site. Aspergilli are ubiquitous environmental fungi. Some species, in particular Aspergillus fumigatus, are responsible for invasive aspergillosis, which is a life-threatening disease for immunocompromised patients. A. fumigatus and A. nidulans metabolized linoleic acid to 8R-HPODE, 10R-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid (10R-HPODE), 5S,8R-dihydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, and 8R,11S-dihydroxyoctadecadienoic acid. When the genomes of certain Aspergilli strains were published, several species showed at least three homologous genes (ppoA, ppoB, ppoC- psi producing oxygenases) to 7,8-LDS and PGHS. Gene deletion identified PpoA as an enzyme with 8-DOX and 5,8-hydroperoxide isomerase activities, designated 5,8-LDS in homology to 7,8-LDS. In the same way, PpoC was identified as a 10-dioxygenase (10-DOX), which converts linoleic acid to 10R-HPODE. 10-DOX differs from LDS, since it dioxygenates linoleic acid at C-10, after hydrogen abstraction at C-8 and double bond migration. 10-DOX was cloned and expressed in insect cells. Leu384 and Val388 were found to be critical for dioxygenation at C-10. Mutation to the homologous residues of 5,8- and 7,8-LDS (Leu384Val, Val388Leu) increased oxygen insertion at C-8. LDS and 10-DOX are fusion proteins with a dioxygenase and a hydroperoxide isomerase (cytochrome P450) domain with a cysteine heme ligand. The P450 domain of 10-DOX lacked the crucial cysteine heme ligand and was without hydroperoxide isomerase activity. LDSs and 10-DOX are newly characterized heme containing fungal dioxygenases, with homology to PGHS of vertebrates. Their metabolites regulate reproduction, development, and act as signal molecules with the host after pathogen attack.
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| 3. |
- Garscha, Ulrike, et al.
(författare)
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Critical amino acids for the 8(R)-dioxygenase activity of linoleate diol synthase. A comparison with cyclooxygenases
- 2008
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Ingår i: FEBS Letters. - : Wiley. - 0014-5793 .- 1873-3468. ; 582:23-24, s. 3547-51
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- 7,8-Linoleate diol synthase (7,8-LDS) of the take-all fungus and cyclooxygenases can be aligned with approximately 24% amino acid identity and both form a tyrosyl radical during catalysis. 7,8-LDS was expressed in insect cells with native 8R-dioxygenase and hydroperoxide isomerase activities. We studied conserved residues of 7,8-LDS, which participate in cyclooxygenases for heme binding (His residues), hydrogen abstraction (Tyr), positioning (Tyr, Trp), and ionic binding of substrates (Arg). Site-directed mutagenesis abolished 8R-dioxygenase activities with exception of the putative distal histidine (His203Gln) and a tyrosine residue important for hydrogen bonding and substrate positioning (Tyr329Phe). The results demonstrate structural similarities between 7,8-LDS and cyclooxygenases.
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| 4. |
- Garscha, Ulrike, et al.
(författare)
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Enantiomeric separation and analysis of unsaturated hydroperoxy fatty acids by chiral column chromatography-mass spectrometry
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of chromatography. B. - : Elsevier BV. - 1570-0232 .- 1873-376X. ; 872, s. 90-98
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hydroperoxides of 18:2n-6 and 20:4n-6 were obtained by autoxidation and photooxidation. The enantiomers Were separated as free acids (Reprosil Chiral-NR column, eluted with hexane containing 1-1.2% alcoholic modifier) and analyzed by on line UV detection (234 nm) and liquid chromatography-MS/MS/MS of carboxylate anions (A(-) -> (A(-)-18) -> full scan) in an ion trap. The combination of UV and MS/MS/MS analysis facilitated identification of hydroperoxides even in complex mixtures of autoxidized or photooxidized fatty acids. The signal intensities increased about two orders of magnitude by raising the isolation width of A(-) from 1.5 amu to 5 or 10 amu for cis-trans conjugated hydroperoxy fatty acids, and one order of magnitude of more for non-conjugated hydroperoxy fatty acids. The S enantiomer of 8-, 9-, 10-, and 13-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acids and the S enantiomer of cis-trans conjugated hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acids eluted before the corresponding R enantiomer with two exceptions (11-hydroperoxylinoleic acid and 8-hydroperoxyeicosa-5Z,9E,11Z,14Z-tetraenoic acid). The separation of enantiomers or regioisomers could be improved by the choice of either isopropanol or methanol as alcoholic modifier.
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| 5. |
- Garscha, Ulrike, et al.
(författare)
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Identification of dioxygenases required for Aspergillus development : Studies of products, stereochemistry, and the reaction mechanism
- 2007
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Ingår i: Journal of Biological Chemistry. - 0021-9258 .- 1083-351X. ; 282:48, s. 34707-34718
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aspergillus sp. contain ppoA, ppoB, and ppoC genes, which code for fatty acid oxygenases with homology to fungal linoleate 7,8-diol synthases (7,8-LDS) and cyclooxygenases. Our objective was to identify these enzymes, as ppo gene replacements show critical developmental aberrancies in sporulation and pathogenicity in the human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus and the genetic model Aspergillus nidulans. The PpoAs of A. fumigatus and A. nidulans were identified as (8R)-dioxygenases with hydroperoxide isomerase activity, designated 5,8-LDS. 5,8-LDS transformed 18:2n-6 to (8R)-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid ((8R)-HPODE) and (5S,8R)-dihydroxy-9Z,12Z-octadecadienoic acid ((5S,8R)-DiHODE). We also detected 8,11-LDS in A. fumigatus and (10R)-dioxygenases in both Aspergilli. The diol synthases oxidized [(8R)-2H]18:2n-6 to (8R)-HPODE with retention of the deuterium label, suggesting antarafacial hydrogen abstraction and insertion of molecular oxygen. Experiments with stereospecifically deuterated 18:2n-6 showed that (8R)-HPODE was isomerized by 5,8- and 8,11-LDS to (5S,8R)-DiHODE and to (8R,11S)-dihydroxy-9Z,12Z-octadecadienoic acid, respectively, by suprafacial hydrogen abstraction and oxygen insertion at C-5 and C-11. PpoCs were identified as (10R)-dioxygenases, which catalyzed abstraction of the pro-S hydrogen at C-8 of 18:2n-6, double bond migration, and antafacial insertion of molecular oxygen with formation of (10R)-hydroxy-8E,12Z- hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid ((10R)-HPODE). Deletion of ppoA led to prominent reduction of (8R)-H(P)ODE and complete loss of (5S,8R)-DiHODE biosynthesis, whereas biosynthesis of (10R)-HPODE was unaffected. Deletion of ppoC caused biosynthesis of traces of racemic 10-HODE but did not affect the biosynthesis of other oxylipins. We conclude that ppoA of Aspergillus sp. may code for 5,8-LDS with catalytic similarities to 7,8-LDS and ppoC for linoleate (10R)-dioxygenases. Identification of these oxygenases and their products will provide tools for analyzing the biological impact of oxylipin biosynthesis in Aspergilli.
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| 6. |
- Garscha, Ulrike, et al.
(författare)
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Leucine/Valine Residues Direct Oxygenation of Linoleic Acid by (10R)- and (8R)-Dioxygenases : Expression and site-directed mutagenesis of (10R)- dioxygenase with epoxyalcohol synthase activity
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Biological Chemistry. - 0021-9258 .- 1083-351X. ; 284:20, s. 13755-13765
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Linoleate (10R)-dioxygenase (10R-DOX) of Aspergillus fumigatus was cloned and expressed in insect cells. Recombinant 10R-DOX oxidized 18:2n-6 to (10R)-hydroperoxy-8(E),12(Z)-octadecadienoic acid (10R-HPODE; approximately 90%), (8R)-hydroperoxylinoleic acid (8R-HPODE; approximately 10%), and small amounts of 12S(13R)-epoxy-(10R)-hydroxy-(8E)-octadecenoic acid. We investigated the oxygenation of 18:2n-6 at C-10 and C-8 by site-directed mutagenesis of 10R-DOX and 7,8-linoleate diol synthase (7,8-LDS), which forms approximately 98% 8R-HPODE and approximately 2% 10R-HPODE. The 10R-DOX and 7,8-LDS sequences differ in homologous positions of the presumed dioxygenation sites (Leu-384/Val-330 and Val-388/Leu-334, respectively) and at the distal site of the heme (Leu-306/Val-256). Leu-384/Val-330 influenced oxygenation, as L384V and L384A of 10R-DOX elevated the biosynthesis of 8-HPODE to 22 and 54%, respectively, as measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. The stereospecificity was also decreased, as L384A formed the R and S isomers of 10-HPODE and 8-HPODE in a 3:2 ratio. Residues in this position also influenced oxygenation by 7,8-LDS, as its V330L mutant augmented the formation of 10R-HPODE 3-fold. Replacement of Val-388 in 10R-DOX with leucine and phenylalanine increased the formation of 8R-HPODE to 16 and 36%, respectively, whereas L334V of 7,8-LDS was inactive. Mutation of Leu-306 with valine or alanine had little influence on the epoxyalcohol synthase activity. Our results suggest that Leu-384 and Val-388 of 10R-DOX control oxygenation of 18:2n-6 at C-10 and C-8, respectively. The two homologous positions of prostaglandin H synthase-1, Val-349 and Ser-353, are also critical for the position and stereospecificity of the cyclooxygenase reaction.
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| 7. |
- Garscha, Ulrike, et al.
(författare)
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Pichia expression of and mutagenesis of 7,8-linoleate diol synthase change the dioxygenase and hydroperoxide isomerase
- 2008
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Ingår i: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications - BBRC. - : Elsevier BV. - 0006-291X .- 1090-2104. ; 373:4, s. 579-583
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Linoleate diol synthases (LDS) are homologous 8(R)-dioxygenases with hydroperoxide isomerase activities, expressed in fungal pathogens of humanitarian importance. We report for the first time expression and site-directed mutagenesis of LDS. 7,8-LDS of the take-all fungus, expressed in Pichia pastoris, oxygenated 18:2n − 6 to 8(R)-hydroperoxylinoleic acid, which was unexpectedly isomerized to 5,8(R)-dihydroxylinoleic acid (60% 5S) and to 8(R),13-dihydroxyoctadeca-9(E),11(E)-dienoic acid. The latter was likely formed via hydrolysis of an unstable intermediate, 8(R),9(S)-epoxyoctadeca-10(E),12(Z)-dienoic acid. A tyrosyl radical is formed during 7,8-LDS catalysis, and Tyr376 is the sequence homolog to Tyr385 of cyclooxygenase-1. Tyr376Phe retained hydroperoxide isomerase activity but lacked 8(R)-dioxygenase activity. The putative proximal heme ligand His379 and the N-glycosylation site at Asn216 appeared to be critical for 8(R)-dioxygenase activity, as His379Gln and Asn216Gln were inactive. Treatment with α-mannosidase to shorten N- and O-linked mannosides inhibited the hydroperoxide isomerase but not the 8(R)-dioxygenase. Our results suggest that post-translational modifications may influence the oxidation mechanism of 7,8-LDS.
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| 8. |
- Garscha, Ulrike, et al.
(författare)
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Steric analysis of 8-hydroxy- and 10-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acids and dihydroxyoctadecadienoic acids formed from 8R-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid by hydroperoxide isomerases
- 2007
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Ingår i: Analytical Biochemistry. - : Elsevier BV. - 0003-2697 .- 1096-0309. ; 367:2, s. 238-246
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- 8-Hydroxyoctadeca-9Z,12Z-dienoic acid (8-HODE) and 10-hydroxyoctadeca-8E,12Z-octadecadienoic acid (10-HODE) are produced by fungi, e.g., 8R-HODE by Gaeumannomyces graminis (take-all of wheat) and Aspergillus nidulans, 10S-HODE by Lentinula edodes, and 10R-HODE by Epichloe typhina. Racemic [8-2H]8-HODE and [10-2H]10-HODE were prepared by oxidation of 8- and 10-HODE to keto fatty acids by Dess–Martin periodinane followed by reduction to hydroxy fatty acids with NaB2H4. The hydroxy fatty acids were analyzed by chiral phase high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS/MS) with 8R-HODE and 10S-HODE as standards. 8R-HODE eluted after 8S-HODE on silica with cellulose tribenzoate (Chiralcel OB-H), and 10S-HODE eluted before 10R-HODE on silica with an aromatic chiral selector (Reprosil Chiral-NR). 5S,8R-Dihydroxyoctadeca-9Z,12Z-dienoic acid (5S,8R-DiHODE) is formed from 18:2n-6 by A. nidulans and 8R,11S-dihydroxyoctadeca-9Z,12Z-dienoic acid (8R,11S-DiHODE) by Agaricus bisporus. 8R-Hydroperoxylinoleic acid (8R-HPODE) can be transformed to 5S,8R-DiHODE and 8R,11-DiHODE by Aspergillus spp., and 8R,13-dihydroxy-9Z,11E-dienoic acid (8R,13-DiHODE) can also be detected. We prepared racemic [5,8-2H2]5,8- and [8,11-2H2]8,11-DiHODE by oxidation and reduction as above and 8R,13S- and 8R,13R-DiHODE by oxidation of 8R-HODE by S and R lipoxygenases. The diastereoisomers were separated and identified by normal phase HPLC–MS/MS analysis. We used the methods for steric analysis of fungal oxylipins. Aspergillus spp. produced 8R-HODE (>95% R), 10R-HODE (>70% R), and 5S,8R- and 8R,11S-DiHODE with high stereoselectivity (>95%), whereas 8R,13-DiHODE was likely formed by nonenzymatic hydrolysis of 8R,11S-DiHODE.
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| 9. |
- Hoffmann, Inga, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
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Expression of 5,8-LDS of Aspergillus fumigatus and its dioxygenase domain : a comparison with 7,8-LDS, 10-dioxygenase, and cyclooxygenase
- 2011
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Ingår i: Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0003-9861 .- 1096-0384. ; 506:2, s. 216-222
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- 5,8-Linoleate diol synthase (5,8-LDS) of Aspergillus fumigatus was cloned, expressed, and compared with 7,8-LDS of the Take-all fungus. Replacements of Tyr and Cys in the conserved YRWH and FXXGPHXCLG sequences abolished 8R-dioxygenase (8-DOX) and hydroperoxide isomerase activities, respectively. The predicted α-helices of LDS were aligned with α-helices of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) to identify the 8-DOX domains. N-terminal expression constructs of 5,8- and 7,8-LDS (674 of 1079, and 673 of 1165 residues), containing one additional α-helix compared to cyclooxygenase-1, yielded prominent 8R-DOX activities with apparently unchanged or slightly lower substrate affinities, respectively. Val-328 of 5,8-LDS did not influence the position of oxygenation in contrast to the homologous residues Val-349 of COX-1 and Leu-384 of 10R-dioxygenase. We conclude that ∼675 amino acids are sufficient to support 8-DOX activity.
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| 10. |
- Jernerén, Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
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Reaction mechanism of 5,8-linoleate diol synthase, 10R-dioxygenase, and 8,11-hydroperoxide isomerase of Aspergillus clavatus
- 2010
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Ingår i: Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. - : Elsevier BV. - 0006-3002 .- 1878-2434. ; 1801:4, s. 503-507
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aspergilli express fusion proteins of an animal haem peroxidase domain with fatty acid dioxygenase (DOX) activity ( approximately 600 amino acids) and a functional or non-functional hydroperoxide isomerase/cytochrome P450 domain ( approximately 500 amino acids with EXXR and GPHXCLG motifs). 5,8-Linoleate diol synthases (LDS; ppoA) and 10R-DOX (ppoC) of Aspergillusnidulans and A. fumigatus belong to this group. Our objective was to determine the oxylipins formed from linoleic acid by A. clavatus and their mechanism of biosynthesis. A. clavatus oxidized linoleic acid to (8R)-hydroperoxylinoleic acid (8R-HPODE), (10R)-hydroperoxy-8(E),12(Z)-octadecadienoic acid (10R-HPODE), and to (5S,8R)-dihydroxy- and (8R,11S)-dihydroxylinoleic acids (DiHODE) as major products. This occurred by abstraction of the pro-S hydrogen at C-8 and antarafacial dioxygenation at C-8 or at C-10 with double bond migration. 8R-HPODE was then isomerized to 5S,8R-DiHODE and to 8R,11S-DiHODE by abstraction of the pro-S hydrogens at C-5 and C-11 of 8R-HPODE, respectively, followed by suprafacial oxygenation. The genome of A. clavatus codes for two enzymes, which can be aligned with >65% amino acid identity to 10R-DOX and 5,8-LDS, respectively. The 5,8-LDS homologue likely forms and isomerizes 8R-HPODE to 5S,8R-DiHODE. A third gene (ppoB) codes for a protein which carries a serine residue at the cysteine position of the P450 motif. This Cys to Ser replacement is known to abolish P450 2B4 catalysis and the hydroperoxide isomerase activity of 5,8-LDS, suggesting that ppoB of A. clavatus may not be involved in the biosynthesis of 8R,11S-DiHODE.
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