| 1. |
- Andersson, M., et al.
(författare)
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Coupling of lattice boltzmann and volume of fluid approaches to study the droplet behavior at the gas diffusion layer/gas channel interface
- 2018. - 13
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Ingår i: ECS Transactions. - : The Electrochemical Society. - 1938-6737 .- 1938-5862. - 9781607688600 ; 86, s. 329-336
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A typical polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) flow field consists of micro/minichannels. The continues removal of liquid water from the cathode channels is a critical topic, as water droplets forming in the channels may block the transport of gaseous oxygen to the active sites, which not only gives an uneven current distribution and substantial loss of performance, but also, increases degradation rates and unstable operation. Water generated by the electrochemical reactions condenses, depending on temperature mainly, into liquid form, potentially flooding various part of the PEFC. The aim of this work is to obtain an increased understanding of the droplet behavior at the gas diffusion layer (GDL) interface with the gas channels in PEFCs by the coupling of Lattice Boltzmann (LB) and Volume of Fluid (VOF) approaches. A multiscale environment is established with input parameters in the VOF model being extracted from in-house LB calculations. It is clear that the contact angle as well as the size of the liquid droplet vary with positions at the GDL surface, depending on the stochastic GDL geometry. A VOF model describing one straight channel with one gas inlet, one liquid inlet (at the GDL surface) and one two-phase outlet is employed.
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| 4. |
- Gasteiger, J., et al.
(författare)
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Representative wavelengths absorption parameterization applied to satellite channels and spectral bands
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-4073 .- 1879-1352. ; 148, s. 99-115
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Accurate modeling of wavelength-integrated radiative quantities, e.g. integrated over a spectral band or an instrument channel response function, requires computations for a large number of wavelengths if the radiation is affected by gas absorption which typically comprises a complex line structure. In order to increase computational speed of modeling radiation in the Earth׳s atmosphere, we parameterized wavelength-integrals as weighted means over representative wavelengths. We parameterized spectral bands of different widths (1 cm−1, 5 cm−1, and 15 cm−1) in the solar and thermal spectral range, as well as a number of instrument channels on the ADEOS, ALOS, EarthCARE, Envisat, ERS, Landsat, MSG, PARASOL, Proba, Sentinel, Seosat, and SPOT satellites. A root mean square relative deviation lower than 1% from a “training data set” was selected as the accuracy threshold for the parameterization of each band and channel. The training data set included high spectral resolution calculations of radiances at the top of atmosphere for a set of highly variable atmospheric states including clouds and aerosols. The gas absorption was calculated from the HITRAN 2004 spectroscopic data set and state-of-the-art continuum models using the ARTS radiative transfer model. Three representative wavelengths were required on average to fulfill the accuracy threshold. We implemented the parameterized spectral bands and satellite channels in the uvspec radiative transfer model which is part of the libRadtran software package. The parameterization data files, including the representative wavelengths and weights as well as lookup tables of absorption cross sections of various gases, are provided at the libRadtran webpage.In the paper we describe the parameterization approach and its application. We validate the approach by comparing modeling results of parameterized bands and channels with results from high spectral resolution calculations for atmospheric states that were not part of the training data set. Irradiances are not only compared at the top of atmosphere but also at the surface for which this parameterization approach was not optimized. It is found that the parameterized bands and channels provide a good compromise between computation time requirements and uncertainty for typical radiative transfer problems. In particular for satellite radiometer simulations the computation time requirement and the parameterization uncertainty is low. Band-integrated irradiances at any level as well as heating and cooling rates below 20 km can also be modeled with low uncertainty.
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| 5. |
- Kamm, C, et al.
(författare)
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The fragile X tremor ataxia syndrome in the differential diagnosis of multiple system atrophy: data from the EMSA Study Group
- 2005
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Ingår i: Brain. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1460-2156 .- 0006-8950. ; 128:8, s. 1855-1860
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The recent identification of fragile X-associated tremor ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) associated with premutations in the FMR1 gene and the possibility of clinical overlap with multiple system atrophy (MSA) has raised important questions, such as whether genetic testing for FXTAS should be performed routinely in MSA and whether positive cases might affect the specificity of current MSA diagnostic criteria. We genotyped 507 patients with clinically diagnosed or pathologically proven MSA for FMR1 repeat length. Among the 426 clinically diagnosed cases, we identified four patients carrying FMR1 premutations (0.94%). Within the subgroup of patients with probable MSA-C, three of 76 patients (3.95%) carried premutations. We identified no premutation carriers among 81 patients with pathologically proven MSA and only one carrier among 622 controls (0.16%). Our results suggest that, with proper application of current diagnostic criteria, FXTAS is very unlikely to be confused with MSA. However, slowly progressive disease or predominant tremor are useful red flags and should prompt the consideration of FXTAS. On the basis of our data, the EMSA Study Group does not recommend routine FMR1 genotyping in typical MSA patients.
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| 6. |
- Mueller, D., et al.
(författare)
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Comparison of optical and microphysical properties of pure Saharan mineral dust observed with AERONET Sun photometer, Raman lidar, and in situ instruments during SAMUM 2006
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Geophysical Research. - 0148-0227 .- 2156-2202. ; 117, s. D07211-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Saharan Mineral Dust Experiment (SAMUM) 2006, Morocco, aimed at the characterization of optical, physical, and radiative properties of Saharan dust. AERONET Sun photometer, several lidars (Raman and high-spectral-resolution instruments), and airborne and ground-based in situ instruments provided us with a comprehensive set of data on particle-shape dependent and particle-shape independent dust properties. We compare 4 measurement days in detail, and we carry out a statistical analysis for some of the inferred data products for the complete measurement period. Particle size distributions and complex refractive indices inferred from the Sun photometer observations and measured in situ aboard a research aircraft show systematic differences. We find differences in the wavelength-dependence of single-scattering albedo, compared to light-scattering computations that use data from SOAP (spectral optical absorption photometer). AERONET data products of particle size distribution, complex refractive index, and axis ratios were used to compute particle extinction-to-backscatter (lidar) ratios and linear particle depolarization ratios. We find differences for these parameters to lidar measurements of lidar ratio and particle depolarization ratio. Differences particularly exist at 355 nm, which may be the result of differences of the wavelength-dependent complex refractive index that is inferred by the methods employed in this field campaign. We discuss various error sources that may lead to the observed differences.
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| 8. |
- Preis, S, et al.
(författare)
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Munich atopy prediction study (MAPS): protocol for a prospective birth cohort addressing clinical and molecular risk factors for atopic dermatitis in early childhood
- 2022
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Ingår i: BMJ open. - : BMJ. - 2044-6055. ; 12:9, s. e059256-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The pathogenesis of atopic diseases is highly complex, and the exact mechanisms leading to atopic dermatitis (AD) onset in infants remain mostly enigmatic. In addition to an interdependent network of components of skin development in young age and skin barrier dysfunction underlying AD development that is only partially understood, a complex interplay between environmental factors and lifestyle habits with skin barrier and immune dysregulation is suspected to contribute to AD onset. This study aims to comprehensively evaluate individual microbiome and immune responses in the context of environmental determinants related the risk of developing AD in the first 4 years of a child’s life.Methods and analysesThe ‘Munich Atopic Prediction Study’ is a comprehensive clinical and biological investigation of a prospective birth cohort from Munich, Germany. Information on pregnancy, child development, environmental factors, parental exposures to potential allergens and acute or chronic diseases of children and parents are collected by questionnaires together with a meticulous clinical examination by trained dermatologists focusing on allergies, skin health, and in particular signs of AD at 2 months after birth and then every 6 months. In addition, skin barrier functions are assessed through cutometry, corneometry and transepidermal water loss at every visit. These measurements are completed with allergy diagnostics and extensive microbiome analyses from stool and skin swabs as well as transcriptome analyses using skin microbiopsies.The aim is to assess the relevance of different known and yet unknown risk factors of AD onset and exacerbations in infants and to identify possible accessible and robust biomarkers.Ethics and disseminationThe study is approved by the Ethical Committee of the Medical Faculty of the Technical University of Munich (reference 334/16S). All relevant study results will be presented at national and international conferences and in peer-reviewed journals.
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| 10. |
- Zhang, Shidong, et al.
(författare)
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Simple and complex polymer electrolyte fuel cell stack models : A comparison
- 2018. - 13
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Ingår i: ECS Transactions. - : The Electrochemical Society. - 1938-6737 .- 1938-5862. - 9781607685395 ; 86, s. 287-300
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, two distinct polymer electrolyte fuel cell stack models are constructed: a detailed numerical model (DNM) employing a fine-scale computational mesh and a coarse-mesh approach based on a distributed resistance analogy (DRA) where diffusion terms in the transport equations are replaced by rate terms. Both methods are applied to a 5-cell, high-temperature polymer electrolyte fuel cell stack with an active area of 200 cm2 per cell. The polarization curve and local current density distributions from both the DRA and DNM are compared with experimental data, finding good agreement. Temperature, pressure, Nernst potential, and species distributions are also exhibited. The DNM displays details of fine-scale local extrema not captured by the DRA; however, the latter requires orders of magnitude less computer processor power and memory for execution. Both methods provide much finer-scale results than present experimental techniques.
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