| 1. |
- Costello, Eugene, PhD, et al.
(författare)
-
Adapting to the Little Ice Age in pastoral regions : an interdisciplinary approach to climate history in north-west Europe
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Historical Methods. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 0161-5440 .- 1940-1906. ; 56, s. 1-20
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper uses interdisciplinary methods to investigate responses to the Little Ice Age in regions where livestock farming was dominant, a neglected subject due to the scarcity of detailed written records regarding pastoral land use. It argues that landscape-level histories which include pollen evidence and archaeology can address this challenge and reveal local processes of climate adaptation. Here we focus on Ireland and Scotland and a fascinating rise in small-scale cereal cultivation on upland pastures during the Little Ice Age. Bayesian modeling is used to test the chronological resolution of field evidence and compare it with climate reconstructions. We can see that the cultivation emerged in late medieval times, when cattle were facing climate-related stresses, and increased in early modern times during the Little Ice Age’s main phase. We suggest that it started in an indirect adaptation to climate change, supplementing supplies of food and fodder for pastoralists, but increased as rural populations and external market demands grew. There is a need for finer temporal resolution in pollen records and archaeology, as well as greater integration with socio-economic history, if we are to be more certain about changes in the relative significance of climate in pastoral land use.
|
|
| 2. |
- Reed, Mark, et al.
(författare)
-
Policy and Governance Options for Peatlands Conservation, Restoration and Sustainable Management
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Global Peatlands Assessment. - : United Nations Environment Programme. - 9789280739916 ; , s. 252-271
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In an era of high uncertainty, rapid environmental change, and increased recognition of the coupling of social and ecological systems, it is clear that there are limitations to current peatland policy and governance. As policy goals, and biophysical, social and political conditions differ between locations, the governance of peatlands needs to be tailored to each national, regional, and local context. This governance must also be adjusted for the needs and interests of the human populations and other species that depend upon these habitats. The adoption of gender-responsive approaches that take into account the needs of both women and men especially those from lower socioeconomic status, are thus crucial if we are to make progress towards environmental sustainability.This chapter reviews a range of policy and governance instruments that can halt further degradation and destruction of peatlands and facilitate their conservation, restoration and sustainable management.
|
|
