| 1. |
- Gebre, Negussie, et al.
(författare)
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Improved microscopical diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in developing countries
- 1995
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Ingår i: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1878-3503 .- 0035-9203. ; 89:2, s. 191-193
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) relies on the bacteriological examination of sputum. However, microscopy of smears made directly from sputum has a low sensitivity and there is an urgent need for improved methods. We have compared microscopy of smears made directly from sputum with microscopy after liquefaction of sputum with household bleach (NaOCl) and concentration of bacteria by centrifugation. In 3 studies performed in Ethiopia and India, the use of the NaOCl method increased the number of samples positive for acid-fast bacilli by more than 100%. The technique is appropriate for developing countries and its application would increase the efficiency of TB control programmes. As a potent disinfectant, NaOCl also has the advantage of lowering the risk of laboratory infection.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Schön, Thomas, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of HIV co-infection and chemotherapy on the urinary levels of nitric oxide metabolites in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis
- 1999
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0036-5548 .- 1651-1980. ; 31:2, s. 123-126
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The presence of nitric oxide (NO) and its role as a factor in host defence against intracellular pathogens in human macrophages is controversial. We measured the metabolites of NO (nitrite (NO 2 -) and nitrate (NO 3 -)) in urine from Ethiopian patients suffering from tuberculosis. The urinary level of NO 2 -/NO 3 - in a group of healthy Ethiopians was 1020 ± 471 μM (n = 22). Untreated HIV negative patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis (1574 ± 588 μM, p < 0.01, n = 12) and household contacts to tuberculosis patients (1949 ± 812 μM, p = 0.006; n = 7) had significantly higher levels of urinary NO 2 -/NO 3 -, than the control group. Untreated HIV positive patients with pulmonary tuberculosis did not have increased levels of urinary NO 2 -/NO 3 -, (1101 ± 614 μM, n = 6). Some of the HIV negative untreated patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (1710 ± 519 μM, n = 6) were followed up after treatment and showed a reduction in the levels of urinary NO 2 -/NO 3 - 1 week after treatment (945 ± 599 μM, p < 0.05). We conclude that HIV negative patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis have increased urinary levels of nitric oxide metabolites with a reduction following specific anti-tuberculous chemotherapy.
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| 4. |
- Schön, Thomas, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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High dose prednisolone treatment of leprosy patients undergoing reactions is associated with a rapid decrease in urinary nitric oxide metabolites and clinical improvement
- 2000
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Ingår i: Leprosy Review. - : GN1 Genesis Network. - 0305-7518 .- 2162-8807. ; 71:3, s. 355-362
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Evidence is accumulating that nitric oxide (NO) produced by macrophages has a role in the pathogenesis of reactions in leprosy. We followed the urinary levels of the metabolites of NO [nitrite (NO 2 -) and nitrate (NO 3 -)] and the clinical response to prednisolone treatment in leprosy patients (n = 9) admitted to ALERT leprosy hospital Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, because of reversal reaction (RR) or erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL). In untreated reactional leprosy patients, the levels of urinary NO metabolites (1645 ± 454 μM, n = 9, ENL = 4, RR = 5) decreased significantly 2 weeks after high dose prednisolone treatment (1075 ± 414 μM, P < 0.05), and remained stable 4 (895 ± 385 μM, P < 0.02) and 6 weeks following treatment initiation (1048 ± 452 μM, P < 0.02). This decrease was also present when the reactional patients were subdivided according to the type of reaction (ENL, RR) and coincided with a clinical improvement. In patients showing a poor clinical response to steroids, no or minor effects on the urinary NO metabolite levels were observed. We conclude that there is a correlation between the decrease in urinary NO metabolites and a favourable clinical response after high dose prednisolone treatment of reactional leprosy patients.
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| 5. |
- Schön, Thomas, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Increased levels of nitric oxide metabolites in urine from leprosy patients in reversal reaction
- 1999
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Ingår i: Leprosy Review. - : GN1 Genesis Network. - 0305-7518 .- 2162-8807. ; 70:1, s. 52-55
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We measured the metabolites of NO [nitrite (NŌ 2) and nitrate (NŌ 3)] in urine from Ethiopian patients suffering from leprosy. The urinary level of NŌ 2/NŌ 3 in a group of healthy Ethiopians was 1020 ± 471 μM (n = 22). Leprosy patients in reversal reaction had significantly higher levels of NŌ 2/NŌ 3 (1817 ± 492 μM, P < 0.001, n = 12) than both the control group and leprosy patients who were not in reversal reaction (1079 ± 446 μM, n = 12). We conclude that the reversal reaction in leprosy is associated with increased urinary levels of nitric oxide metabolites.
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